diff --git a/aster/buffer.cpp b/aster/buffer.cpp
index f52f53c..cfc01b2 100644
--- a/aster/buffer.cpp
+++ b/aster/buffer.cpp
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
 void
 Buffer::Destroy(const Device *device)
 {
-    if (!IsValid())
+    if (!IsValid() || !IsOwned())
         return;
 
     vmaDestroyBuffer(device->m_Allocator, m_Buffer, m_Allocation);
-    m_Size &= ~VALID_BUFFER_BIT;
+    m_Size_ = 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Buffer::Allocate(const Device *device, usize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags bufferUs
     bool hostAccessible = Cast<bool>(memoryPropertyFlags & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible);
 
     m_Buffer = buffer;
-    m_Size = size | VALID_BUFFER_BIT | (hostAccessible ? HOST_ACCESSIBLE_BIT : 0);
+    m_Size_ = size | VALID_BUFFER_BIT | OWNED_BIT | (hostAccessible ? HOST_ACCESSIBLE_BIT : 0);
     m_Allocation = allocation;
     m_Mapped = Cast<u8 *>(allocationInfo.pMappedData);
 
diff --git a/aster/buffer.h b/aster/buffer.h
index e98330d..2467df2 100644
--- a/aster/buffer.h
+++ b/aster/buffer.h
@@ -19,23 +19,27 @@ struct Buffer
     [[nodiscard]] bool IsHostVisible() const;
     [[nodiscard]] bool IsValid() const;
     [[nodiscard]] bool IsMapped() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsOwned() const;
 
     void Destroy(const Device *device);
     void Write(const Device *device, usize offset, usize size, const void *data);
 
-  protected:
     void Allocate(const Device *device, usize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags bufferUsage,
                   VmaAllocationCreateFlags allocationFlags, VmaMemoryUsage memoryUsage, cstr name);
 
-    // Buffer size is used intrusively by the Render Resource Manager
-    // If the buffer is Invalid, the remaining data in Buffer is used for other tasks.
-    usize m_Size = 0;
+    // Buffer.size is used for bookkeeping
+    // If the buffer is Invalid, the remaining data in Buffer is used intrusively by `GpuResourceManager`.
+    usize m_Size_ = 0;
 
     constexpr static usize VALID_BUFFER_BIT = Cast<usize>(1llu << 63);
     constexpr static usize HOST_ACCESSIBLE_BIT = 1llu << 62;
-    constexpr static usize SIZE_MASK = ~(VALID_BUFFER_BIT | HOST_ACCESSIBLE_BIT);
+    constexpr static usize OWNED_BIT = 1llu << 61;
+    constexpr static usize SIZE_MASK = ~(VALID_BUFFER_BIT | HOST_ACCESSIBLE_BIT | OWNED_BIT);
 };
 
+// Ensure that m_Size doesn't get used intrusively since it manages the state.
+static_assert(offsetof(Buffer, m_Size_) > sizeof(usize));
+
 struct UniformBuffer : Buffer
 {
     void Init(const Device *device, usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
@@ -66,19 +70,19 @@ struct StagingBuffer : Buffer
 inline usize
 Buffer::GetSize() const
 {
-    return m_Size & SIZE_MASK;
+    return m_Size_ & SIZE_MASK;
 }
 
 inline bool
 Buffer::IsHostVisible() const
 {
-    return m_Size & HOST_ACCESSIBLE_BIT;
+    return m_Size_ & HOST_ACCESSIBLE_BIT;
 }
 
 inline bool
 Buffer::IsValid() const
 {
-    return m_Size & VALID_BUFFER_BIT;
+    return m_Size_ & VALID_BUFFER_BIT;
 }
 
 inline bool
@@ -86,3 +90,9 @@ Buffer::IsMapped() const
 {
     return m_Mapped;
 }
+
+inline bool
+Buffer::IsOwned() const
+{
+    return m_Size_ & OWNED_BIT;
+}
diff --git a/aster/image.cpp b/aster/image.cpp
index 8a1c64b..eefd4bb 100644
--- a/aster/image.cpp
+++ b/aster/image.cpp
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
 void
 Image::Destroy(const Device *device)
 {
-    if (!IsValid())
+    if (!IsValid() || !IsOwned())
         return;
 
     device->m_Device.destroy(m_View, nullptr);
     vmaDestroyImage(device->m_Allocator, m_Image, m_Allocation);
-    m_Image = nullptr;
+    m_MipLevels_ = 0;
 }
 
 void
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ Texture::Init(const Device *device, const vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageF
               const cstr name)
 {
     const u32 mipLevels = isMipmapped ? 1 + Cast<u32>(floor(log2(eastl::max(extent.width, extent.height)))) : 1;
+    assert(mipLevels <= MIP_MASK);
 
     auto usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
     if (isMipmapped)
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ Texture::Init(const Device *device, const vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageF
     m_View = view;
     m_Allocation = allocation;
     m_Extent = {extent.width, extent.height, 1};
-    m_MipLevels = Cast<u8>(mipLevels);
+    m_MipLevels_ = mipLevels | OWNED_BIT | VALID_BIT;
 
     device->SetName(m_Image, name);
 }
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ DepthImage::Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, cstr name)
     m_View = view;
     m_Allocation = allocation;
     m_Extent = {extent.width, extent.height, 1};
+    m_MipLevels_ = 1 | OWNED_BIT | VALID_BIT;
 
     device->SetName(m_Image, name);
 }
diff --git a/aster/image.h b/aster/image.h
index c2c1d3d..22970d6 100644
--- a/aster/image.h
+++ b/aster/image.h
@@ -15,11 +15,19 @@ struct Image
     vk::ImageView m_View = nullptr;
     VmaAllocation m_Allocation = nullptr;
     vk::Extent3D m_Extent;
-    u8 m_MipLevels = 1;
+    // Image.m_MipLevels_ is used for bookkeeping
+    // If the image is Invalid, the remaining data in Image is used intrusively by `GpuResourceManager`.
+    u32 m_MipLevels_;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool IsValid() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsOwned() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] u32 GetMipLevels() const;
 
     void Destroy(const Device *device);
+
+    constexpr static u32 VALID_BIT = 1u << 31;
+    constexpr static u32 OWNED_BIT = 1u << 30;
+    constexpr static u32 MIP_MASK = ~(VALID_BIT | OWNED_BIT);
 };
 
 struct Texture : Image
@@ -35,5 +43,17 @@ struct DepthImage : Image
 inline bool
 Image::IsValid() const
 {
-    return m_Image;
+    return m_MipLevels_ & VALID_BIT;
+}
+
+inline bool
+Image::IsOwned() const
+{
+    return m_MipLevels_ & OWNED_BIT;
+}
+
+inline u32
+Image::GetMipLevels() const
+{
+    return m_MipLevels_ & MIP_MASK;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/samples/03_model_render/model/OrientationTest.glb b/samples/03_model_render/model/OrientationTest.glb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9713071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/03_model_render/model/OrientationTest.glb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:a91cf448f37de06ab61bc615e123692dd29ac185e6c69e1fdbf1cf53e41045b2
+size 38920
diff --git a/samples/03_model_render/model_loader.cpp b/samples/03_model_render/model_loader.cpp
index f54f236..9dbf2f6 100644
--- a/samples/03_model_render/model_loader.cpp
+++ b/samples/03_model_render/model_loader.cpp
@@ -45,13 +45,15 @@ VectorToVec3(const std::vector<double> &vec)
 }
 
 TextureHandle
-ModelLoader::LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer,
+ModelLoader::LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer,
                        tinygltf::Image *image) const
 {
     assert(image->component == 4);
 
+    Texture texture;
+
     usize byteSize = image->image.size();
-    texture->Init(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, {.width = Cast<u32>(image->width), .height = Cast<u32>(image->height)},
+    texture.Init(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, {.width = Cast<u32>(image->width), .height = Cast<u32>(image->height)},
                   vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, true, image->name.data());
     stagingBuffer->Init(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, byteSize);
     stagingBuffer->Write(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, 0, byteSize, image->image.data());
@@ -63,15 +65,15 @@ ModelLoader::LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, Stagin
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
         .srcQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
         .dstQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
-        .image = texture->m_Image,
+        .image = texture.m_Image,
         .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = texture->m_MipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
+        {
+            .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+            .baseMipLevel = 0,
+            .levelCount = texture.GetMipLevels(),
+            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+            .layerCount = 1,
+        },
     };
 
     vk::ImageMemoryBarrier nextMipBarrier = {
@@ -81,15 +83,15 @@ ModelLoader::LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, Stagin
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
         .srcQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
         .dstQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
-        .image = texture->m_Image,
+        .image = texture.m_Image,
         .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = 1,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
+        {
+            .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+            .baseMipLevel = 0,
+            .levelCount = 1,
+            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+            .layerCount = 1,
+        },
     };
 
     vk::ImageMemoryBarrier imageReadyBarrier = {
@@ -99,15 +101,15 @@ ModelLoader::LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, Stagin
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
         .srcQueueFamilyIndex = m_TransferQueueIndex,
         .dstQueueFamilyIndex = m_GraphicsQueueIndex,
-        .image = texture->m_Image,
+        .image = texture.m_Image,
         .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = texture->m_MipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
+        {
+            .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+            .baseMipLevel = 0,
+            .levelCount = texture.GetMipLevels(),
+            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+            .layerCount = 1,
+        },
     };
 
     vk::BufferImageCopy imageCopy = {
@@ -115,29 +117,31 @@ ModelLoader::LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, Stagin
         .bufferRowLength = Cast<u32>(image->width),
         .bufferImageHeight = Cast<u32>(image->height),
         .imageSubresource =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .mipLevel = 0,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
+        {
+            .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+            .mipLevel = 0,
+            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+            .layerCount = 1,
+        },
         .imageOffset = {},
-        .imageExtent = texture->m_Extent,
+        .imageExtent = texture.m_Extent,
     };
 
     commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, {}, 0,
                                   nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &imageStartBarrier);
-    commandBuffer.copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer->m_Buffer, texture->m_Image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1,
+    commandBuffer.copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer->m_Buffer, texture.m_Image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1,
                                     &imageCopy);
     commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, {}, 0,
                                   nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &nextMipBarrier);
 
-    auto calcNextMip = [](i32 prev) { return eastl::max(prev / 2, 1); };
+    auto calcNextMip = [](i32 prev) {
+        return eastl::max(prev / 2, 1);
+    };
 
-    i32 prevMipWidth = Cast<i32>(texture->m_Extent.width);
-    i32 prevMipHeight = Cast<i32>(texture->m_Extent.height);
+    i32 prevMipWidth = Cast<i32>(texture.m_Extent.width);
+    i32 prevMipHeight = Cast<i32>(texture.m_Extent.height);
 
-    u32 maxPrevMip = texture->m_MipLevels - 1;
+    u32 maxPrevMip = texture.GetMipLevels() - 1;
     for (u32 prevMipLevel = 0; prevMipLevel < maxPrevMip; ++prevMipLevel)
     {
         i32 currentMipWidth = calcNextMip(prevMipWidth);
@@ -146,33 +150,31 @@ ModelLoader::LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, Stagin
 
         vk::ImageBlit blitRegion = {
             .srcSubresource =
-                {
-                    .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                    .mipLevel = prevMipLevel,
-                    .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                    .layerCount = 1,
-                },
-            .srcOffsets =
-                std::array{
-                    vk::Offset3D{0, 0, 0},
-                    vk::Offset3D{prevMipWidth, prevMipHeight, 1},
-                },
+            {
+                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+                .mipLevel = prevMipLevel,
+                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+                .layerCount = 1,
+            },
+            .srcOffsets = std::array{
+                vk::Offset3D{0, 0, 0},
+                vk::Offset3D{prevMipWidth, prevMipHeight, 1},
+            },
             .dstSubresource =
-                {
-                    .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                    .mipLevel = currentMipLevel,
-                    .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                    .layerCount = 1,
-                },
-            .dstOffsets =
-                std::array{
-                    vk::Offset3D{0, 0, 0},
-                    vk::Offset3D{currentMipWidth, currentMipHeight, 1},
-                },
+            {
+                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+                .mipLevel = currentMipLevel,
+                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+                .layerCount = 1,
+            },
+            .dstOffsets = std::array{
+                vk::Offset3D{0, 0, 0},
+                vk::Offset3D{currentMipWidth, currentMipHeight, 1},
+            },
         };
 
         nextMipBarrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = currentMipLevel;
-        commandBuffer.blitImage(texture->m_Image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, texture->m_Image,
+        commandBuffer.blitImage(texture.m_Image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, texture.m_Image,
                                 vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1, &blitRegion, vk::Filter::eLinear);
         commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, {}, 0,
                                       nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &nextMipBarrier);
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ ModelLoader::LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, Stagin
     commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader, {},
                                   0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &imageReadyBarrier);
 
-    return m_ResourceManager->Commit(texture);
+    return m_ResourceManager->Commit(&texture);
 }
 
 Model
@@ -225,7 +227,6 @@ ModelLoader::LoadModel(cstr path, cstr name, bool batched)
     }
 
     eastl::vector<StagingBuffer> stagingBuffers;
-    eastl::vector<Texture> textures;
     eastl::vector<TextureHandle> textureHandles;
 
     if (!model.images.empty())
@@ -233,15 +234,13 @@ ModelLoader::LoadModel(cstr path, cstr name, bool batched)
         u32 numImages = Cast<u32>(model.images.size());
 
         stagingBuffers.resize(numImages);
-        textures.resize(numImages);
         textureHandles.resize(numImages);
 
         auto stagingPtr = stagingBuffers.data();
-        auto texturePtr = textures.data();
         auto imagePtr = model.images.data();
         for (TextureHandle &handle : textureHandles)
         {
-            handle = LoadImage(m_CommandBuffer, texturePtr++, stagingPtr++, imagePtr++);
+            handle = LoadImage(m_CommandBuffer, stagingPtr++, imagePtr++);
         }
     }
 
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ ModelLoader::LoadModel(cstr path, cstr name, bool batched)
                 texCoord0.reserve(vertexPositions.size());
 
                 assert(uvAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC2 &&
-                       uvAccessor->componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_FLOAT);
+                    uvAccessor->componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_FLOAT);
                 {
                     vec2 *data = Recast<vec2 *>(uvBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     texCoord0.insert(texCoord0.end(), data, data + vertexCount);
@@ -466,6 +465,7 @@ ModelLoader::LoadModel(cstr path, cstr name, bool batched)
         }
     }
 
+#pragma region Staging / Transfer / Uploads
     StorageBuffer positionBuffer;
     positionBuffer.Init(pDevice, vertexPositions.size() * sizeof vertexPositions[0], false);
     BufferHandle positionBufferHandle = m_ResourceManager->Commit(&positionBuffer);
@@ -523,6 +523,8 @@ ModelLoader::LoadModel(cstr path, cstr name, bool batched)
         m_CommandBuffer.copyBuffer(indexStaging.m_Buffer, indexBuffer.m_Buffer, 1, &bufferCopy);
     }
 
+#pragma endregion
+
     AbortIfFailed(m_CommandBuffer.end());
 
     vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
@@ -547,47 +549,34 @@ ModelLoader::LoadModel(cstr path, cstr name, bool batched)
         buffer.Destroy(pDevice);
     }
 
-    return Model{m_ResourceManager,  std::move(textures), std::move(textureHandles), materialsBuffer,
-                 materialsHandle,    positionBuffer,      positionBufferHandle,      normalBuffer,
-                 normalBufferHandle, texCoord0Buffer,     texCoord0BufferHandle,     indexBuffer,
-                 meshPrimitives};
+    return Model{m_ResourceManager, std::move(textureHandles),
+                 materialsHandle, positionBufferHandle, normalBufferHandle,
+                 texCoord0BufferHandle, indexBuffer, meshPrimitives};
 }
 
-Model::Model(RenderResourceManager *resourceManager, eastl::vector<Texture> &&textures,
-             eastl::vector<TextureHandle> &&textureHandles, const StorageBuffer &materialsBuffer,
-             BufferHandle materialsHandle, const StorageBuffer &vertexPosBuffer, BufferHandle vertexPosHandle,
-             const StorageBuffer &normalBuffer, BufferHandle normalHandle, const StorageBuffer &uv0Buffer,
+Model::Model(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager, eastl::vector<TextureHandle> &&textureHandles,
+             BufferHandle materialsHandle, BufferHandle vertexPosHandle, BufferHandle normalHandle,
              BufferHandle uv0Handle, const IndexBuffer &indexBuffer, const eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> &meshPrimitives)
     : m_ResourceManager(resourceManager)
-    , m_Textures(textures)
-    , m_TextureHandles(textureHandles)
-    , m_MaterialsBuffer(materialsBuffer)
-    , m_MaterialsHandle(materialsHandle)
-    , m_VertexPositions(vertexPosBuffer)
-    , m_VertexPositionHandle(vertexPosHandle)
-    , m_NormalVectors(normalBuffer)
-    , m_NormalHandle(normalHandle)
-    , m_TexCoord0(uv0Buffer)
-    , m_TexCoord0Handle(uv0Handle)
-    , m_IndexBuffer(indexBuffer)
-    , m_MeshPrimitives(meshPrimitives)
+      , m_TextureHandles(std::move(textureHandles))
+      , m_MaterialsHandle(materialsHandle)
+      , m_VertexPositionHandle(vertexPosHandle)
+      , m_NormalHandle(normalHandle)
+      , m_TexCoord0Handle(uv0Handle)
+      , m_IndexBuffer(indexBuffer)
+      , m_MeshPrimitives(meshPrimitives)
 {
 }
 
 Model::Model(Model &&other) noexcept
     : m_ResourceManager(Take(other.m_ResourceManager))
-    , m_Textures(std::move(other.m_Textures))
-    , m_TextureHandles(std::move(other.m_TextureHandles))
-    , m_MaterialsBuffer(other.m_MaterialsBuffer)
-    , m_MaterialsHandle(other.m_MaterialsHandle)
-    , m_VertexPositions(other.m_VertexPositions)
-    , m_VertexPositionHandle(other.m_VertexPositionHandle)
-    , m_NormalVectors(other.m_NormalVectors)
-    , m_NormalHandle(other.m_NormalHandle)
-    , m_TexCoord0(other.m_TexCoord0)
-    , m_TexCoord0Handle(other.m_TexCoord0Handle)
-    , m_IndexBuffer(other.m_IndexBuffer)
-    , m_MeshPrimitives(std::move(other.m_MeshPrimitives))
+      , m_TextureHandles(std::move(other.m_TextureHandles))
+      , m_MaterialsHandle(other.m_MaterialsHandle)
+      , m_VertexPositionHandle(other.m_VertexPositionHandle)
+      , m_NormalHandle(other.m_NormalHandle)
+      , m_TexCoord0Handle(other.m_TexCoord0Handle)
+      , m_IndexBuffer(other.m_IndexBuffer)
+      , m_MeshPrimitives(std::move(other.m_MeshPrimitives))
 {
 }
 
@@ -597,15 +586,10 @@ Model::operator=(Model &&other) noexcept
     if (this == &other)
         return *this;
     m_ResourceManager = Take(other.m_ResourceManager);
-    m_Textures = std::move(other.m_Textures);
     m_TextureHandles = std::move(other.m_TextureHandles);
-    m_MaterialsBuffer = other.m_MaterialsBuffer;
     m_MaterialsHandle = other.m_MaterialsHandle;
-    m_VertexPositions = other.m_VertexPositions;
     m_VertexPositionHandle = other.m_VertexPositionHandle;
-    m_NormalVectors = other.m_NormalVectors;
     m_NormalHandle = other.m_NormalHandle;
-    m_TexCoord0 = other.m_TexCoord0;
     m_TexCoord0Handle = other.m_TexCoord0Handle;
     m_IndexBuffer = other.m_IndexBuffer;
     m_MeshPrimitives = std::move(other.m_MeshPrimitives);
@@ -617,11 +601,7 @@ Model::~Model()
     if (!m_ResourceManager)
         return;
 
-    m_VertexPositions.Destroy(m_ResourceManager->m_Device);
     m_IndexBuffer.Destroy(m_ResourceManager->m_Device);
-    m_NormalVectors.Destroy(m_ResourceManager->m_Device);
-    m_TexCoord0.Destroy(m_ResourceManager->m_Device);
-
     m_ResourceManager->Release(m_VertexPositionHandle);
     m_ResourceManager->Release(m_NormalHandle);
     m_ResourceManager->Release(m_TexCoord0Handle);
@@ -630,19 +610,14 @@ Model::~Model()
         m_ResourceManager->Release(handle);
     }
     m_ResourceManager->Release(m_MaterialsHandle);
-    for (Texture &texture : m_Textures)
-    {
-        texture.Destroy(m_ResourceManager->m_Device);
-    }
-    m_MaterialsBuffer.Destroy(m_ResourceManager->m_Device);
 }
 
-ModelLoader::ModelLoader(RenderResourceManager *resourceManager, vk::Queue transferQueue, u32 transferQueueIndex,
+ModelLoader::ModelLoader(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager, vk::Queue transferQueue, u32 transferQueueIndex,
                          u32 graphicsQueueIndex)
     : m_ResourceManager(resourceManager)
-    , m_TransferQueue(transferQueue)
-    , m_TransferQueueIndex(transferQueueIndex)
-    , m_GraphicsQueueIndex(graphicsQueueIndex)
+      , m_TransferQueue(transferQueue)
+      , m_TransferQueueIndex(transferQueueIndex)
+      , m_GraphicsQueueIndex(graphicsQueueIndex)
 {
     const Device *pDevice = resourceManager->m_Device;
     const vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {
diff --git a/samples/03_model_render/model_loader.h b/samples/03_model_render/model_loader.h
index bfaea3c..9437927 100644
--- a/samples/03_model_render/model_loader.h
+++ b/samples/03_model_render/model_loader.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ constexpr auto GLTF_BINARY_FILE_EXTENSION = ".glb";
 struct MeshPrimitive
 {
     u32 m_VertexOffset;
-    i32 m_NormalOffset;    // <0 for invalid
+    i32 m_NormalOffset; // <0 for invalid
     i32 m_TexCoord0Offset; // <0 for invalid
     u32 m_FirstIndex;
     u32 m_IndexCount;
@@ -44,31 +44,21 @@ struct Material
 
 struct Model
 {
-    RenderResourceManager *m_ResourceManager;
+    GpuResourceManager *m_ResourceManager;
 
-    eastl::vector<Texture> m_Textures;
     eastl::vector<TextureHandle> m_TextureHandles;
 
-    StorageBuffer m_MaterialsBuffer;
     BufferHandle m_MaterialsHandle;
-
-    StorageBuffer m_VertexPositions;
     BufferHandle m_VertexPositionHandle;
-
-    StorageBuffer m_NormalVectors;
     BufferHandle m_NormalHandle;
-
-    StorageBuffer m_TexCoord0;
     BufferHandle m_TexCoord0Handle;
 
     IndexBuffer m_IndexBuffer;
     eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> m_MeshPrimitives;
 
-    Model(RenderResourceManager *resourceManager, eastl::vector<Texture> &&textures,
-          eastl::vector<TextureHandle> &&textureHandles, const StorageBuffer &materialsBuffer,
-          BufferHandle materialsHandle, const StorageBuffer &vertexPosBuffer, BufferHandle vertexPosHandle,
-          const StorageBuffer &normalBuffer, BufferHandle normalHandle, const StorageBuffer &uv0Buffer,
-          BufferHandle uv0Handle, const IndexBuffer &indexBuffer, const eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> &meshPrimitives);
+    Model(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager, eastl::vector<TextureHandle> &&textureHandles,
+          BufferHandle materialsHandle, BufferHandle vertexPosHandle, BufferHandle normalHandle, BufferHandle uv0Handle,
+          const IndexBuffer &indexBuffer, const eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> &meshPrimitives);
 
     Model(Model &&other) noexcept;
     Model &operator=(Model &&other) noexcept;
@@ -80,18 +70,18 @@ struct Model
 
 struct ModelLoader
 {
-    RenderResourceManager *const m_ResourceManager;
+    GpuResourceManager *const m_ResourceManager;
     vk::CommandPool m_CommandPool;
     vk::CommandBuffer m_CommandBuffer;
     vk::Queue m_TransferQueue;
     u32 m_TransferQueueIndex;
     u32 m_GraphicsQueueIndex;
 
-    ModelLoader(RenderResourceManager *resourceManager, vk::Queue transferQueue, u32 transferQueueIndex,
+    ModelLoader(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager, vk::Queue transferQueue, u32 transferQueueIndex,
                 u32 graphicsQueueIndex);
     ~ModelLoader();
 
-    TextureHandle LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer,
+    TextureHandle LoadImage(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer,
                             tinygltf::Image *image) const;
     Model LoadModel(cstr path, cstr name = nullptr, bool batched = false);
 
diff --git a/samples/03_model_render/model_render.cpp b/samples/03_model_render/model_render.cpp
index c61f51b..b2d2b9e 100644
--- a/samples/03_model_render/model_render.cpp
+++ b/samples/03_model_render/model_render.cpp
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ main(int, char **)
     Device device = {&context, &deviceToUse, &enabledDeviceFeatures, {queueAllocation}, "Primary Device"};
     vk::Queue commandQueue = device.GetQueue(queueAllocation.m_Family, 0);
     Swapchain swapchain = {&window, &device, "Primary Chain"};
-    RenderResourceManager resourceManager = {&device, 1000};
+    GpuResourceManager resourceManager = {&device, 1000};
 
     ModelLoader modelLoader = {&resourceManager, commandQueue, queueAllocation.m_Family, queueAllocation.m_Family};
 
diff --git a/samples/03_model_render/pipeline_utils.cpp b/samples/03_model_render/pipeline_utils.cpp
index b19700b..0558181 100644
--- a/samples/03_model_render/pipeline_utils.cpp
+++ b/samples/03_model_render/pipeline_utils.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #include <EASTL/array.h>
 
 Pipeline
-CreatePipeline(const Device *device, const Swapchain *swapchain, const RenderResourceManager *resourceManager)
+CreatePipeline(const Device *device, const Swapchain *swapchain, const GpuResourceManager *resourceManager)
 {
     // Pipeline Setup
     auto vertexShaderModule = CreateShader(device, VERTEX_SHADER_FILE);
diff --git a/samples/03_model_render/pipeline_utils.h b/samples/03_model_render/pipeline_utils.h
index f8c6550..c4f9161 100644
--- a/samples/03_model_render/pipeline_utils.h
+++ b/samples/03_model_render/pipeline_utils.h
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #include "global.h"
 #include "pipeline.h"
 
-struct RenderResourceManager;
+struct GpuResourceManager;
 struct Swapchain;
 struct Device;
 
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ struct Vertex
 };
 
 vk::ShaderModule CreateShader(const Device *device, cstr shaderFile);
-Pipeline CreatePipeline(const Device *device, const Swapchain *swapchain, const RenderResourceManager *resourceManager);
+Pipeline CreatePipeline(const Device *device, const Swapchain *swapchain, const GpuResourceManager *resourceManager);
diff --git a/samples/03_model_render/render_resource_manager.cpp b/samples/03_model_render/render_resource_manager.cpp
index 7053d35..62e0418 100644
--- a/samples/03_model_render/render_resource_manager.cpp
+++ b/samples/03_model_render/render_resource_manager.cpp
@@ -12,25 +12,184 @@
 
 #include <EASTL/array.h>
 
-RenderResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo info)
+void
+TextureManager::Init(const u32 maxCapacity)
+{
+    m_MaxCapacity = maxCapacity;
+    m_FreeHead = GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE;
+}
+
+TextureHandle
+TextureManager::Commit(Texture *texture)
+{
+    ERROR_IF(!texture->IsValid() || !texture->IsOwned(), "Buffer must be valid and owned for commital")
+        THEN_ABORT(-1);
+
+    if (m_FreeHead != GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE)
+    {
+        const u32 index = m_FreeHead;
+
+        Texture *allocatedTexture = &m_Textures[index];
+
+        assert(!allocatedTexture->IsValid());
+        m_FreeHead = *Recast<u32 *>(allocatedTexture);
+
+        // Ensure it is copyable.
+        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Texture>);
+        memcpy(allocatedTexture, texture, sizeof *texture);
+
+        // Take ownership of the buffer.
+        texture->m_MipLevels_ &= ~Texture::OWNED_BIT;
+
+        return {index};
+    }
+
+    const u32 index = Cast<u32>(m_Textures.size());
+    if (index < m_MaxCapacity)
+    {
+        Texture *allocatedTexture = &m_Textures.push_back();
+
+        // Ensure it is copyable.
+        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Texture>);
+        memcpy(allocatedTexture, texture, sizeof *texture);
+
+        texture->m_MipLevels_ &= ~Texture::OWNED_BIT;
+
+        return {index};
+    }
+
+    ERROR("Out of Buffers") THEN_ABORT(-1);
+}
+
+Texture *
+TextureManager::Fetch(const TextureHandle handle)
+{
+    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
+
+    return &m_Textures[handle.m_Index];
+}
+
+void
+TextureManager::Release(const Device *device, const TextureHandle handle)
+{
+    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
+
+    Texture *allocatedTexture = &m_Textures[handle.m_Index];
+    allocatedTexture->Destroy(device);
+
+    assert(!allocatedTexture->IsValid());
+    *Recast<u32 *>(allocatedTexture) = m_FreeHead;
+
+    m_FreeHead = handle.m_Index;
+}
+
+void
+TextureManager::Destroy(const Device *device)
+{
+    for (auto &texture : m_Textures)
+    {
+        texture.Destroy(device);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+BufferManager::Init(const u32 maxCapacity)
+{
+    m_MaxCapacity = maxCapacity;
+    m_FreeHead = GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE;
+}
+
+BufferHandle
+BufferManager::Commit(StorageBuffer *buffer)
+{
+    ERROR_IF(!buffer->IsValid() || !buffer->IsOwned(), "Buffer must be valid and owned for commital") THEN_ABORT(-1);
+
+    if (m_FreeHead != GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE)
+    {
+        const u32 index = m_FreeHead;
+
+        StorageBuffer *allocatedBuffer = &m_Buffers[index];
+
+        assert(!allocatedBuffer->IsValid());
+        m_FreeHead = *Recast<u32 *>(allocatedBuffer);
+
+        // Ensure it is copyable.
+        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<StorageBuffer>);
+        memcpy(allocatedBuffer, buffer, sizeof *buffer);
+
+        // Take ownership of the buffer.
+        buffer->m_Size_ &= ~StorageBuffer::OWNED_BIT;
+
+        return {index};
+    }
+
+    const u32 index = Cast<u32>(m_Buffers.size());
+    if (index < m_MaxCapacity)
+    {
+        StorageBuffer *allocatedBuffer = &m_Buffers.push_back();
+
+        // Ensure it is copyable.
+        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<StorageBuffer>);
+        memcpy(allocatedBuffer, buffer, sizeof *buffer);
+
+        buffer->m_Size_ &= ~StorageBuffer::OWNED_BIT;
+
+        return {index};
+    }
+
+    ERROR("Out of Buffers") THEN_ABORT(-1);
+}
+
+StorageBuffer *
+BufferManager::Fetch(const BufferHandle handle)
+{
+    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
+
+    return &m_Buffers[handle.m_Index];
+}
+
+void
+BufferManager::Release(const Device *device, const BufferHandle handle)
+{
+    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
+
+    StorageBuffer *allocatedBuffer = &m_Buffers[handle.m_Index];
+    allocatedBuffer->Destroy(device);
+
+    assert(!allocatedBuffer->IsValid());
+    *Recast<u32 *>(allocatedBuffer) = m_FreeHead;
+
+    m_FreeHead = handle.m_Index;
+}
+
+void
+BufferManager::Destroy(const Device *device)
+{
+    for (auto& buffer : m_Buffers)
+    {
+        buffer.Destroy(device);
+    }
+}
+
+GpuResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo info)
     : uBufferInfo(info)
 {
 }
 
-RenderResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorImageInfo info)
+GpuResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorImageInfo info)
     : uImageInfo(info)
 {
 }
 
-RenderResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::BufferView info)
+GpuResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::BufferView info)
     : uBufferView(info)
 {
 }
 
 BufferHandle
-RenderResourceManager::Commit(const StorageBuffer *storageBuffer)
+GpuResourceManager::Commit(StorageBuffer *storageBuffer)
 {
-    const u32 handle = m_BufferFreeList.Alloc();
+    const BufferHandle handle = m_BufferManager.Commit(storageBuffer);
 
     m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo{
         .buffer = storageBuffer->m_Buffer,
@@ -41,19 +200,23 @@ RenderResourceManager::Commit(const StorageBuffer *storageBuffer)
     m_Writes.push_back({
         .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
         .dstBinding = BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX,
-        .dstArrayElement = handle,
+        .dstArrayElement = handle.m_Index,
         .descriptorCount = 1,
         .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
         .pBufferInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uBufferInfo,
     });
 
-    m_WriteOwner.emplace_back(HandleType::eBuffer, handle);
+    m_WriteOwner.emplace_back(HandleType::eBuffer, handle.m_Index);
 
-    return {handle};
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    ++m_CommitedBufferCount;
+#endif
+
+    return handle;
 }
 
 void
-RenderResourceManager::EraseWrites(u32 handleIndex, HandleType handleType)
+GpuResourceManager::EraseWrites(u32 handleIndex, HandleType handleType)
 {
     auto writeIter = m_Writes.begin();
     auto ownerIter = m_WriteOwner.begin();
@@ -76,31 +239,39 @@ RenderResourceManager::EraseWrites(u32 handleIndex, HandleType handleType)
 }
 
 void
-RenderResourceManager::Release(BufferHandle handle)
+GpuResourceManager::Release(BufferHandle handle)
 {
     if (handle.IsInvalid())
         return;
 
     EraseWrites(handle.m_Index, HandleType::eBuffer);
 
-    m_BufferFreeList.Free(handle.m_Index);
+    m_BufferManager.Release(m_Device, handle);
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    --m_CommitedBufferCount;
+#endif
 }
 
 void
-RenderResourceManager::Release(TextureHandle handle)
+GpuResourceManager::Release(TextureHandle handle)
 {
     if (handle.IsInvalid())
         return;
 
     EraseWrites(handle.m_Index, HandleType::eTexture);
 
-    m_TextureFreeList.Free(handle.m_Index);
+    m_TextureManager.Release(m_Device, handle);
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    --m_CommitedTextureCount;
+#endif
 }
 
 TextureHandle
-RenderResourceManager::Commit(const Texture *texture)
+GpuResourceManager::Commit(Texture* texture)
 {
-    const u32 handle = m_TextureFreeList.Alloc();
+    TextureHandle handle = m_TextureManager.Commit(texture);
 
     m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
         .sampler = nullptr,
@@ -111,19 +282,23 @@ RenderResourceManager::Commit(const Texture *texture)
     m_Writes.push_back({
         .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
         .dstBinding = TEXTURE_BINDING_INDEX,
-        .dstArrayElement = handle,
+        .dstArrayElement = handle.m_Index,
         .descriptorCount = 1,
         .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
         .pImageInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uImageInfo,
     });
 
-    m_WriteOwner.emplace_back(HandleType::eBuffer, handle);
+    m_WriteOwner.emplace_back(HandleType::eBuffer, handle.m_Index);
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    ++m_CommitedTextureCount;
+#endif
 
     return {handle};
 }
 
 void
-RenderResourceManager::Update()
+GpuResourceManager::Update()
 {
     if (m_Writes.empty() || m_WriteInfos.empty())
         return;
@@ -135,7 +310,7 @@ RenderResourceManager::Update()
     m_WriteOwner.clear();
 }
 
-RenderResourceManager::RenderResourceManager(const Device *device, u16 maxSize)
+GpuResourceManager::GpuResourceManager(const Device *device, u16 maxSize)
     : m_Device(device)
 {
     vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties properties;
@@ -166,8 +341,8 @@ RenderResourceManager::RenderResourceManager(const Device *device, u16 maxSize)
     INFO("Max Buffer Count: {}", buffersCount);
     INFO("Max Texture Count: {}", texturesCount);
 
-    m_BufferFreeList.Init(buffersCount);
-    m_TextureFreeList.Init(texturesCount);
+    m_BufferManager.Init(buffersCount);
+    m_TextureManager.Init(texturesCount);
 
     eastl::array poolSizes = {
         vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
@@ -225,9 +400,54 @@ RenderResourceManager::RenderResourceManager(const Device *device, u16 maxSize)
     m_Device->SetName(m_DescriptorSet, "Bindless Set");
 }
 
-RenderResourceManager::~RenderResourceManager()
+GpuResourceManager::~GpuResourceManager()
 {
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    WARN_IF(m_CommitedBufferCount > 0 || m_CommitedTextureCount > 0, "Resources alive: SSBO = {}, Textures = {}",
+            m_CommitedBufferCount, m_CommitedTextureCount);
+#endif
+
+    m_BufferManager.Destroy(m_Device);
     m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_Sampler, nullptr);
     m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_DescriptorPool, nullptr);
     m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_SetLayout, nullptr);
+}
+
+GpuResourceManager::GpuResourceManager(GpuResourceManager &&other) noexcept
+    : m_WriteInfos(std::move(other.m_WriteInfos)),
+      m_Writes(std::move(other.m_Writes)),
+      m_WriteOwner(std::move(other.m_WriteOwner)),
+      m_Sampler(other.m_Sampler),
+      m_BufferManager(std::move(other.m_BufferManager)),
+      m_TextureManager(std::move(other.m_TextureManager)),
+      m_Device(Take(other.m_Device)),
+      m_DescriptorPool(other.m_DescriptorPool),
+      m_SetLayout(other.m_SetLayout),
+      m_DescriptorSet(other.m_DescriptorSet),
+      m_CommitedBufferCount(other.m_CommitedBufferCount),
+      m_CommitedTextureCount(other.m_CommitedTextureCount)
+{
+    assert(!other.m_Device);
+}
+
+GpuResourceManager &
+GpuResourceManager::operator=(GpuResourceManager &&other) noexcept
+{
+    if (this == &other)
+        return *this;
+    m_WriteInfos = std::move(other.m_WriteInfos);
+    m_Writes = std::move(other.m_Writes);
+    m_WriteOwner = std::move(other.m_WriteOwner);
+    m_Sampler = other.m_Sampler;
+    m_BufferManager = std::move(other.m_BufferManager);
+    m_TextureManager = std::move(other.m_TextureManager);
+    m_Device = Take(other.m_Device); // Ensure taken.
+    m_DescriptorPool = other.m_DescriptorPool;
+    m_SetLayout = other.m_SetLayout;
+    m_DescriptorSet = other.m_DescriptorSet;
+    m_CommitedBufferCount = other.m_CommitedBufferCount;
+    m_CommitedTextureCount = other.m_CommitedTextureCount;
+
+    assert(!other.m_Device);
+    return *this;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/samples/03_model_render/render_resource_manager.h b/samples/03_model_render/render_resource_manager.h
index 94bf3a1..d88d6c1 100644
--- a/samples/03_model_render/render_resource_manager.h
+++ b/samples/03_model_render/render_resource_manager.h
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "buffer.h"
 #include "global.h"
+#include "buffer.h"
+#include "image.h"
 
 #include <EASTL/deque.h>
 #include <EASTL/stack.h>
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ struct Device;
 struct Texture;
 struct UniformStorageBuffer;
 
-struct RenderResourceManager;
+struct GpuResourceManager;
 
 struct GpuResourceHandle
 {
@@ -38,54 +39,46 @@ struct TextureHandle : GpuResourceHandle
 {
 };
 
-struct FreeList
+struct TextureManager
 {
-    eastl::stack<u32, eastl::deque<u32>> m_List;
-    u32 m_MaxVisited = 0;
-    u32 m_MaxCapacity = 16;
+    eastl::vector<Texture> m_Textures;
+    u32 m_MaxCapacity;
+    u32 m_FreeHead;
 
     void
-    Init(u32 maxCapacity)
-    {
-        // MaxValue<u32> is 'invalid-handle' so you can't use it as a handle.
-        assert(maxCapacity < GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE);
-        m_MaxCapacity = maxCapacity;
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] u32
-    Alloc()
-    {
-        if (!m_List.empty())
-        {
-            const u32 value = m_List.top();
-            m_List.pop();
-            return value;
-        }
-        if (m_MaxVisited < m_MaxCapacity)
-        {
-            return m_MaxVisited++;
-        }
-        ERROR("Out of Handles.") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-    }
-
-    void
-    Free(u32 index)
-    {
-        WARN_IF(index >= m_MaxCapacity, "Trying to free an out-of-bounds index.");
-
-        if (index < m_MaxCapacity)
-            m_List.push(index);
-    }
+    Init(u32 maxCapacity);
+    TextureHandle Commit(Texture *texture);
+    Texture *Fetch(TextureHandle handle);
+    void Release(const Device *device, TextureHandle handle);
+    void Destroy(const Device *device);
 };
 
-struct RenderResourceManager
+struct BufferManager
 {
-  private:
-    union WriteInfo {
+    eastl::vector<StorageBuffer> m_Buffers;
+    u32 m_MaxCapacity;
+    u32 m_FreeHead;
+
+    void Init(u32 maxCapacity);
+    BufferHandle Commit(StorageBuffer *buffer);
+    StorageBuffer *Fetch(BufferHandle handle);
+    void Release(const Device *device, BufferHandle handle);
+    void Destroy(const Device *device);
+};
+
+struct GpuResourceManager
+{
+private:
+    union WriteInfo
+    {
         vk::DescriptorBufferInfo uBufferInfo;
         vk::DescriptorImageInfo uImageInfo;
         vk::BufferView uBufferView;
 
+        WriteInfo()
+        {
+        }
+
         explicit WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo info);
         explicit WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorImageInfo info);
         explicit WriteInfo(vk::BufferView info);
@@ -105,12 +98,13 @@ struct RenderResourceManager
 
     vk::Sampler m_Sampler;
 
-    FreeList m_BufferFreeList;
-    FreeList m_TextureFreeList;
+    //FreeList m_BufferFreeList;
+    BufferManager m_BufferManager;
+    TextureManager m_TextureManager;
 
     void EraseWrites(u32 handleIndex, HandleType handleType);
 
-  public:
+public:
     const Device *m_Device;
 
     constexpr static u32 BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX = 0;
@@ -120,16 +114,24 @@ struct RenderResourceManager
     vk::DescriptorSetLayout m_SetLayout;
     vk::DescriptorSet m_DescriptorSet;
 
-    BufferHandle Commit(const StorageBuffer *storageBuffer);
+    BufferHandle Commit(StorageBuffer *storageBuffer);
     void Release(BufferHandle handle);
-    TextureHandle Commit(const Texture *texture);
+    TextureHandle Commit(Texture *texture);
     void Release(TextureHandle handle);
 
     void Update();
 
     // Ctor/Dtor
-    RenderResourceManager(const Device *device, u16 maxSize);
-    ~RenderResourceManager();
+    GpuResourceManager(const Device *device, u16 maxSize);
+    ~GpuResourceManager();
 
-    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(RenderResourceManager);
+    GpuResourceManager(GpuResourceManager &&other) noexcept;
+    GpuResourceManager &operator=(GpuResourceManager &&other) noexcept;
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    usize m_CommitedBufferCount = 0;
+    usize m_CommitedTextureCount = 0;
+#endif
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(GpuResourceManager);
 };
\ No newline at end of file