Clear Screen.

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 .idea/
 .cache/
 build/
+.vs/

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,12 @@ set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)
 
-set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "-Wall -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions")
+if (MSVC)
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "/W4 /GR- /Zi")
+    add_compile_definitions(_NO_EXCEPTIONS=1)
+else ()
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "-Wall -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions")
+endif ()
 
 add_subdirectory("aster")
 add_subdirectory("triangle")

CMakePresets.json

@@ -12,6 +12,16 @@
                 "CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER": "/usr/bin/clang++",
                 "CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE": "${sourceDir}/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "windows",
+            "generator": "Ninja",
+            "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build",
+            "cacheVariables": {
+                "CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS": true,
+                "CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM": "ninja",
+                "CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE": "${sourceDir}/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake"
+            }
         }
     ]
 }

aster/device.cpp

@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
 #include <EASTL/array.h>
 #include <EASTL/fixed_vector.h>
 
-constexpr eastl::array DEVICE_EXTENSIONS = {VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME};
+// TODO: This will need to be flexible for devices that don't support some of the extensions.
+constexpr eastl::array DEVICE_EXTENSIONS = {
+    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME,
+};
 
-Device::Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice,
+Device::Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features *enabledFeatures,
-               const vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures *enabledFeatures,
                const eastl::vector<QueueAllocation> &queueAllocations, NameString &&name)
     : m_Name(std::move(name))
     , m_PhysicalDevice(physicalDevice->m_PhysicalDevice)
@@ -40,12 +42,21 @@ Device::Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice,
         });
     }
 
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures *deviceFeatures = &enabledFeatures->m_Vulkan10Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features *vulkan11Features = &enabledFeatures->m_Vulkan11Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features *vulkan12Features = &enabledFeatures->m_Vulkan12Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features *vulkan13Features = &enabledFeatures->m_Vulkan13Features;
+
+    vulkan11Features->pNext = vulkan12Features;
+    vulkan12Features->pNext = vulkan13Features;
+
     vk::DeviceCreateInfo deviceCreateInfo = {
+        .pNext = vulkan11Features,
         .queueCreateInfoCount = Cast<u32>(deviceQueueCreateInfos.size()),
         .pQueueCreateInfos = deviceQueueCreateInfos.data(),
         .enabledExtensionCount = Cast<u32>(DEVICE_EXTENSIONS.size()),
         .ppEnabledExtensionNames = DEVICE_EXTENSIONS.data(),
-        .pEnabledFeatures = enabledFeatures,
+        .pEnabledFeatures = deviceFeatures,
     };
 
     vk::Result result = m_PhysicalDevice.createDevice(&deviceCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_Device);
@@ -86,4 +97,12 @@ Device::~Device()
     m_Device.destroy(nullptr);
     DEBUG("Device '{}' Destroyed", m_Name);
     m_PhysicalDevice = nullptr;
+}
+
+vk::Queue
+Device::GetQueue(const u32 familyIndex, const u32 queueIndex) const
+{
+    vk::Queue queue;
+    m_Device.getQueue(familyIndex, queueIndex, &queue);
+    return queue;
 }

aster/device.h

@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@ struct QueueAllocation
     u32 m_Count;
 };
 
+struct Features
+{
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures m_Vulkan10Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features m_Vulkan11Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features m_Vulkan12Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features m_Vulkan13Features;
+};
+
 struct Device final
 {
     NameString m_Name;
@@ -25,7 +33,9 @@ struct Device final
     vk::Device m_Device = nullptr;
     VmaAllocator m_Allocator = nullptr;
 
-    Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, const vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures *enabledFeatures,
+    Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features *enabledFeatures,
            const eastl::vector<QueueAllocation> &queueAllocations, NameString &&name);
     ~Device();
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::Queue GetQueue(u32 familyIndex, u32 queueIndex) const;
 };

aster/global.cpp

@@ -15,14 +15,15 @@
 VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCH_LOADER_DYNAMIC_STORAGE
 
 void *
-operator new[](size_t size, const char *pName, int flags, unsigned debugFlags, const char *file, int line)
+operator new[](size_t size, const char * /*pName*/, int /*flags*/, unsigned /*debugFlags*/, const char * /*file*/,
+               int /*line*/)
 {
     return new u8[size];
 }
 
 void *
-operator new[](size_t size, size_t alignment, size_t alignmentOffset, const char *pName, int flags, unsigned debugFlags,
+operator new[](size_t size, size_t /*alignment*/, size_t /*alignmentOffset*/, const char * /*pName*/, int /*flags*/,
-               const char *file, int line)
+               unsigned /*debugFlags*/, const char * /*file*/, int /*line*/)
 {
     return new u8[size];
 }

aster/logger.h

@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ struct Logger
             return "[DEBUG]:";
         if constexpr (TLogLevel == LogType::eVerbose)
             return "[VERB]: ";
-        return "";
     }
 
     template <LogType TLogLevel>
@@ -59,7 +58,6 @@ struct Logger
             return ansi_color::White;
         if constexpr (TLogLevel == LogType::eVerbose)
             return ansi_color::Blue;
-        return ansi_color::White;
     }
 
     template <LogType TLogLevel>

aster/swapchain.cpp

@@ -18,12 +18,7 @@ Swapchain::Swapchain(const Window *window, const Device *device, NameString &&na
 
 Swapchain::~Swapchain()
 {
-    if (m_Swapchain)
+    Cleanup();
-    {
-        m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_Swapchain, nullptr);
-        m_Swapchain = nullptr;
-        DEBUG("Swapchain '{}' destroyed.", m_Name);
-    }
 }
 
 void
@@ -61,10 +56,9 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Window *window)
         }
     }
 
-    vk::Extent2D swapchainExtent;
     if (surfaceCapabilities.currentExtent.width != MaxValue<u32>)
     {
-        swapchainExtent = surfaceCapabilities.currentExtent;
+        m_Extent = surfaceCapabilities.currentExtent;
     }
     else
     {
@@ -72,8 +66,8 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Window *window)
         auto [minWidth, minHeight] = surfaceCapabilities.minImageExtent;
         auto [maxWidth, maxHeight] = surfaceCapabilities.maxImageExtent;
 
-        swapchainExtent.width = glm::clamp(width, minWidth, maxWidth);
+        m_Extent.width = glm::clamp(width, minWidth, maxWidth);
-        swapchainExtent.height = glm::clamp(height, minHeight, maxHeight);
+        m_Extent.height = glm::clamp(height, minHeight, maxHeight);
     }
 
     u32 swapchainImageCount = 3;
@@ -90,7 +84,7 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Window *window)
         .minImageCount = swapchainImageCount,
         .imageFormat = swapchainFormat,
         .imageColorSpace = swapchainColorSpace,
-        .imageExtent = swapchainExtent,
+        .imageExtent = m_Extent,
         .imageArrayLayers = 1,
         .imageUsage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment,
         .imageSharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
@@ -101,11 +95,75 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Window *window)
         .oldSwapchain = m_Swapchain,
     };
 
+    vk::Device device = m_Device->m_Device;
+
     vk::SwapchainKHR swapchain;
-    vk::Result result = m_Device->m_Device.createSwapchainKHR(&swapchainCreateInfo, nullptr, &swapchain);
+    vk::Result result = device.createSwapchainKHR(&swapchainCreateInfo, nullptr, &swapchain);
     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Swapchain {} creation failed. Cause {}", m_Name, result)
     THEN_ABORT(result)
     ELSE_DEBUG("Created Swapchain '{}'", m_Name);
 
+    // Irrelevant on the first run. Required for re-creation.
+    Cleanup();
+
     m_Swapchain = swapchain;
+
+    result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(m_Swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, nullptr);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed getting swapchain {}'s images. Cause {}", m_Name, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    // Managed by the Swapchain.
+    m_Images.resize(swapchainImageCount);
+    result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(m_Swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, m_Images.data());
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed getting swapchain {}'s images. Cause {}", m_Name, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    vk::ImageViewCreateInfo viewCreateInfo = {
+        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
+        .format = swapchainFormat,
+        .components = {.r = vk::ComponentSwizzle::eIdentity,
+                       .g = vk::ComponentSwizzle::eIdentity,
+                       .b = vk::ComponentSwizzle::eIdentity,
+                       .a = vk::ComponentSwizzle::eIdentity},
+        .subresourceRange = {.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+                             .baseMipLevel = 0,
+                             .levelCount = 1,
+                             .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+                             .layerCount = 1},
+    };
+
+    u32 index = 0;
+    for (auto image : m_Images)
+    {
+        viewCreateInfo.image = image;
+
+        vk::ImageView imageView;
+        result = device.createImageView(&viewCreateInfo, nullptr, &imageView);
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed creating swapchain {}'s image view [{}]. Cause {}", m_Name, index, result)
+        THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+        m_ImageViews.push_back(imageView);
+
+        ++index;
+    }
+
+    DEBUG("Swapchain {} Image Views created.", m_Name);
+}
+
+void
+Swapchain::Cleanup()
+{
+    if (!m_ImageViews.empty()) // Don't want the condition in the logs.
+        DEBUG("Swapchain {} Image Views destroyed.", m_Name);
+    for (const auto imageView : m_ImageViews)
+    {
+        m_Device->m_Device.destroy(imageView, nullptr);
+    }
+    m_ImageViews.clear();
+    if (m_Swapchain)
+    {
+        m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_Swapchain, nullptr);
+        m_Swapchain = nullptr;
+        DEBUG("Swapchain '{}' destroyed.", m_Name);
+    }
 }

aster/swapchain.h

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 #include "global.h"
 
+#include <EASTL/fixed_vector.h>
+
 struct PhysicalDevice;
 struct Window;
 struct Device;
@@ -16,8 +18,14 @@ struct Swapchain final
     const Device *m_Device;
     vk::SwapchainKHR m_Swapchain;
     NameString m_Name;
+    vk::Extent2D m_Extent;
+    eastl::fixed_vector<vk::Image, 4> m_Images;
+    eastl::fixed_vector<vk::ImageView, 4> m_ImageViews;
 
     Swapchain(const Window *window, const Device *device, NameString &&name);
     ~Swapchain();
     void Create(const Window *window);
+
+  private:
+    void Cleanup();
 };

triangle/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 
-add_executable(aster_exe "aster.cpp")
+add_executable(triangle "triangle.cpp")
-add_dependencies(aster_exe aster_core)
+add_dependencies(triangle aster_core)
 
-target_link_libraries(aster_exe PRIVATE aster_core)
+target_link_libraries(triangle PRIVATE aster_core)

triangle/aster.cpp

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-#include "aster/constants.h"
-#include "aster/context.h"
-#include "aster/device.h"
-#include "aster/glfw_context.h"
-#include "aster/physical_device.h"
-#include "aster/window.h"
-
-#include "aster/global.h"
-#include "aster/swapchain.h"
-
-constexpr QueueSupportFlags REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT = QueueSupportFlags{} | QueueSupportFlagBits::eGraphics |
-                                                     QueueSupportFlagBits::eCompute | QueueSupportFlagBits::ePresent |
-                                                     QueueSupportFlagBits::eTransfer;
-
-[[nodiscard]] bool
-IsSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice)
-{
-    const bool hasAllRequiredQueues =
-        std::ranges::any_of(physicalDevice->m_QueueFamilies, [](const auto &queueFamilyProp) {
-            return (queueFamilyProp.m_Support & REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT) == REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT;
-        });
-
-    const bool isNotCpu = physicalDevice->m_DeviceProperties.deviceType != vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eCpu;
-
-    const bool hasPresentMode = !physicalDevice->m_PresentModes.empty();
-
-    const bool hasSurfaceFormat = !physicalDevice->m_SurfaceFormats.empty();
-
-    return hasSurfaceFormat && hasPresentMode && isNotCpu && hasAllRequiredQueues;
-}
-
-PhysicalDevice
-FindSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevices &physicalDevices)
-{
-    for (auto &physicalDevice : physicalDevices)
-    {
-        if (IsSuitableDevice(&physicalDevice))
-        {
-            return physicalDevice;
-        }
-    }
-
-    ERROR("No suitable GPU available on the system.")
-    THEN_ABORT(vk::Result::eErrorUnknown);
-}
-
-QueueAllocation
-FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice)
-{
-    for (auto &queueFamilyInfo : physicalDevice->m_QueueFamilies)
-    {
-        if ((queueFamilyInfo.m_Support & REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT) == REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT)
-        {
-            return {
-                .m_Family = queueFamilyInfo.m_Index,
-                .m_Count = queueFamilyInfo.m_Count,
-            };
-        }
-    }
-    ERROR("No suitable queue family on the GPU.")
-    THEN_ABORT(vk::Result::eErrorUnknown);
-}
-
-int
-main(int, char **)
-{
-    MIN_LOG_LEVEL(Logger::LogType::eDebug);
-
-    GlfwContext glfwContext = {};
-    Context context = {"Aster", VERSION};
-    Window window = {"Aster1", &context, {640, 480}};
-
-    PhysicalDevices physicalDevices = {&window, &context};
-    PhysicalDevice deviceToUse = FindSuitableDevice(physicalDevices);
-
-    INFO("Using {} as the primary device.", deviceToUse.m_DeviceProperties.deviceName.data());
-
-    vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures features = {};
-    QueueAllocation queueAllocation = FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(&deviceToUse);
-
-    Device device = {&context, &deviceToUse, &features, {queueAllocation}, "Primary Device"};
-
-    Swapchain swapchain = {&window, &device, "Primary Chain"};
-
-    while (window.Poll())
-    {
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}

triangle/triangle.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+#include "aster/constants.h"
+#include "aster/context.h"
+#include "aster/device.h"
+#include "aster/glfw_context.h"
+#include "aster/physical_device.h"
+#include "aster/window.h"
+
+#include "aster/global.h"
+#include "aster/swapchain.h"
+
+#include <EASTL/array.h>
+
+constexpr u32 MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 3;
+
+bool IsSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice);
+
+PhysicalDevice FindSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevices &physicalDevices);
+
+QueueAllocation FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice);
+
+struct Frame
+{
+    const Device *m_Device;
+    vk::CommandPool m_Pool;
+    vk::Fence m_FrameAvailableFence;
+    vk::Semaphore m_ImageAcquireSem;
+    vk::Semaphore m_RenderFinishSem;
+
+    Frame(const Device *device, u32 queueFamilyIndex, u32 frameCount);
+    ~Frame();
+
+    u32 BeginFrame(const Swapchain *swapchain, u32 frameIndex) const;
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::CommandBuffer AllocateCommandBuffer() const;
+};
+
+int
+main(int, char **)
+{
+    MIN_LOG_LEVEL(Logger::LogType::eInfo);
+
+    GlfwContext glfwContext = {};
+    Context context = {"Aster", VERSION};
+    Window window = {"Aster1", &context, {640, 480}};
+
+    PhysicalDevices physicalDevices = {&window, &context};
+    PhysicalDevice deviceToUse = FindSuitableDevice(physicalDevices);
+
+    INFO("Using {} as the primary device.", deviceToUse.m_DeviceProperties.deviceName.data());
+
+    Features enabledDeviceFeatures = {.m_Vulkan13Features = {.dynamicRendering = vk::True}};
+    QueueAllocation queueAllocation = FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(&deviceToUse);
+    Device device = {&context, &deviceToUse, &enabledDeviceFeatures, {queueAllocation}, "Primary Device"};
+
+    vk::Queue commandQueue = device.GetQueue(queueAllocation.m_Family, 1);
+
+    Swapchain swapchain = {&window, &device, "Primary Chain"};
+
+    eastl::fixed_vector<Frame, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> frames;
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i)
+    {
+        frames.emplace_back(&device, queueAllocation.m_Family, i);
+    }
+
+    u32 frameIndex = 0;
+    while (window.Poll())
+    {
+        Frame *currentFrame = &frames[frameIndex];
+        u32 imageIndex = currentFrame->BeginFrame(&swapchain, frameIndex);
+
+        vk::ImageView currentImageView = swapchain.m_ImageViews[imageIndex];
+        vk::Image currentImage = swapchain.m_Images[imageIndex];
+        vk::CommandBuffer cmd = currentFrame->AllocateCommandBuffer();
+
+        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier topOfThePipeBarrier = {
+            .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
+            .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
+            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
+            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
+            .image = currentImage,
+            .subresourceRange =
+                {
+                    .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+                    .baseMipLevel = 0,
+                    .levelCount = 1,
+                    .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+                    .layerCount = 1,
+                },
+        };
+        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier renderToPresentBarrier = {
+            .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
+            .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR,
+            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
+            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
+            .image = currentImage,
+            .subresourceRange =
+                {
+                    .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+                    .baseMipLevel = 0,
+                    .levelCount = 1,
+                    .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+                    .layerCount = 1,
+                },
+        };
+
+        vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};
+        vk::Result result = cmd.begin(&beginInfo);
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command buffer begin failed. Cause: {}", result)
+        THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+        cmd.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput,
+                            {}, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &topOfThePipeBarrier);
+
+        // Render
+        vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo attachmentInfo = {
+            .imageView = currentImageView,
+            .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
+            .resolveMode = vk::ResolveModeFlagBits::eNone,
+            .loadOp = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eLoad,
+            .storeOp = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore,
+            .clearValue = vk::ClearColorValue{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
+        };
+
+        vk::RenderingInfo renderingInfo = {
+            .renderArea = {.offset = {0, 0}, .extent = swapchain.m_Extent},
+            .layerCount = 1,
+            .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+            .pColorAttachments = &attachmentInfo,
+        };
+
+        cmd.beginRendering(&renderingInfo);
+
+        cmd.endRendering();
+
+        cmd.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe,
+                            {}, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &renderToPresentBarrier);
+
+        result = cmd.end();
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command buffer end failed. Cause: {}", result)
+        THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+        vk::PipelineStageFlags waitDstStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput;
+        vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
+            .waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
+            .pWaitSemaphores = &currentFrame->m_ImageAcquireSem,
+            .pWaitDstStageMask = &waitDstStage,
+            .commandBufferCount = 1,
+            .pCommandBuffers = &cmd,
+            .signalSemaphoreCount = 1,
+            .pSignalSemaphores = &currentFrame->m_RenderFinishSem,
+        };
+        result = commandQueue.submit(1, &submitInfo, currentFrame->m_FrameAvailableFence);
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command queue submit failed. Cause: {}", result)
+        THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+        vk::PresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {
+            .waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
+            .pWaitSemaphores = &currentFrame->m_RenderFinishSem,
+            .swapchainCount = 1,
+            .pSwapchains = &swapchain.m_Swapchain,
+            .pImageIndices = &imageIndex,
+            .pResults = nullptr,
+        };
+        result = commandQueue.presentKHR(&presentInfo);
+        if (Failed(result))
+        {
+            switch (result)
+            {
+            case vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR:
+            case vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR:
+                INFO("Recreating Swapchain. Cause: {}", result);
+                swapchain.Create(&window);
+                break;
+            default:
+                ERROR("Command queue present failed. Cause: {}", result)
+                THEN_ABORT(result);
+            }
+        }
+        frameIndex = (frameIndex + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+constexpr QueueSupportFlags REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT = QueueSupportFlags{} | QueueSupportFlagBits::eGraphics |
+                                                     QueueSupportFlagBits::eCompute | QueueSupportFlagBits::ePresent |
+                                                     QueueSupportFlagBits::eTransfer;
+
+PhysicalDevice
+FindSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevices &physicalDevices)
+{
+    for (auto &physicalDevice : physicalDevices)
+    {
+        if (IsSuitableDevice(&physicalDevice))
+        {
+            return physicalDevice;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ERROR("No suitable GPU available on the system.")
+    THEN_ABORT(vk::Result::eErrorUnknown);
+}
+
+QueueAllocation
+FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice)
+{
+    for (auto &queueFamilyInfo : physicalDevice->m_QueueFamilies)
+    {
+        if ((queueFamilyInfo.m_Support & REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT) == REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT)
+        {
+            return {
+                .m_Family = queueFamilyInfo.m_Index,
+                .m_Count = queueFamilyInfo.m_Count,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    ERROR("No suitable queue family on the GPU.")
+    THEN_ABORT(vk::Result::eErrorUnknown);
+}
+
+Frame::Frame(const Device *device, const u32 queueFamilyIndex, const u32 frameCount)
+{
+    m_Device = device;
+
+    const vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo commandPoolCreateInfo = {
+        .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eTransient,
+        .queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndex,
+    };
+    vk::Result result = device->m_Device.createCommandPool(&commandPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_Pool);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not command pool for frame {}. Cause: {}", frameCount, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    constexpr vk::FenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo = {.flags = vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled};
+    result = device->m_Device.createFence(&fenceCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_FrameAvailableFence);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create a fence for frame {}. Cause: {}", frameCount, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    constexpr vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo = {};
+    result = device->m_Device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_ImageAcquireSem);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create IA semaphore for frame {}. Cause: {}", frameCount, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+    result = device->m_Device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_RenderFinishSem);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create RF semaphore for frame {}. Cause: {}", frameCount, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    DEBUG("Frame {} created successfully.", frameCount);
+}
+
+u32
+Frame::BeginFrame(const Swapchain *swapchain, u32 frameIndex) const
+{
+    const auto device = m_Device->m_Device;
+
+    vk::Result result = device.waitForFences(1, &m_FrameAvailableFence, VK_TRUE, MaxValue<u64>);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Waiting for fence {} failed. Cause: {}", frameIndex, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    u32 imageIndex;
+    result = device.acquireNextImageKHR(swapchain->m_Swapchain, MaxValue<u64>, m_ImageAcquireSem, nullptr, &imageIndex);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Waiting for swapchain image {} failed. Cause: {}", frameIndex, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+    // TODO: Deliberate failure on recreation. Will recreate later.
+
+    result = device.resetFences(1, &m_FrameAvailableFence);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Fence {} reset failed. Cause: {}", frameIndex, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    result = device.resetCommandPool(m_Pool, {});
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command pool {} reset failed. Cause: {}", frameIndex, result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    return imageIndex;
+}
+vk::CommandBuffer
+Frame::AllocateCommandBuffer() const
+{
+    const vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocateInfo = {
+        .commandPool = m_Pool, .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary, .commandBufferCount = 1};
+
+    vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer;
+    vk::Result result = m_Device->m_Device.allocateCommandBuffers(&allocateInfo, &commandBuffer);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command buffer allocation failed. Cause: {}", result)
+    THEN_ABORT(result);
+
+    return commandBuffer;
+}
+
+Frame::~Frame()
+{
+    auto result = m_Device->m_Device.waitIdle();
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Wait idle failed. Cause: {}", result);
+    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_RenderFinishSem, nullptr);
+    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_ImageAcquireSem, nullptr);
+    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_FrameAvailableFence, nullptr);
+    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_Pool, nullptr);
+
+    DEBUG("Destoryed Frame");
+}
+
+bool
+IsSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice)
+{
+    const bool hasAllRequiredQueues =
+        std::ranges::any_of(physicalDevice->m_QueueFamilies, [](const auto &queueFamilyProp) {
+            return (queueFamilyProp.m_Support & REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT) == REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT;
+        });
+
+    const bool isNotCpu = physicalDevice->m_DeviceProperties.deviceType != vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eCpu;
+
+    const bool hasPresentMode = !physicalDevice->m_PresentModes.empty();
+
+    const bool hasSurfaceFormat = !physicalDevice->m_SurfaceFormats.empty();
+
+    return hasSurfaceFormat && hasPresentMode && isNotCpu && hasAllRequiredQueues;
+}