Move all buffers to DeviceAddress.

- Enum values now assigned with C-enums instead of type-safe enums.
- Atomic included at `constants.h` so it's available everywhere.
- Fixed CommitManager forward declaration.
- Added `scalarLayout` option to slang compiler.

.gitignore

@@ -5,3 +5,4 @@ build/
 .direnv/
 .ccls-cache/
 *.user
+/vcpkg_installed

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 
 project(Aster VERSION 0.1.0)
 
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 23)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)
 
 if (MSVC)
-    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "/W4 /GR- ${MSVC_FLAGS}")
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "/W4 /GR- ${MSVC_FLAGS} /utf-8")
     set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "/O3")
     add_compile_definitions(_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0)
     add_compile_definitions(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS)

add_shader.cmake

@@ -1,30 +1,27 @@
 function(add_shader TARGET SHADER)
     find_package(Vulkan REQUIRED COMPONENTS dxc)
 
+    get_filename_component(vulkan-bin-dir ${Vulkan_GLSLC_EXECUTABLE} DIRECTORY)
+
+    find_program(slangc_exe NAMES "slangc")
+    if (NOT slangc_exe STREQUAL "slangc_exe-NOTFOUND")
+        set(slangc_exe_FOUND true)
+    endif()
+
     get_filename_component(shader-ext ${SHADER} LAST_EXT)
-    get_filename_component(shader-inner ${SHADER} NAME_WLE)
-    get_filename_component(shader-type ${shader-inner} LAST_EXT)
-    string(REPLACE "." "" shader-type ${shader-type})
 
     set(current-shader-path ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${SHADER})
-    set(current-output-path ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${SHADER}.spv)
+    set(current-output-path ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${SHADER}.slang-module)
+    set(current-copy-path ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${SHADER})
 
     get_filename_component(current-output-dir ${current-output-path} DIRECTORY)
     file(MAKE_DIRECTORY ${current-output-dir})
 
-    if (Vulkan_dxc_exe_FOUND AND ${shader-ext} STREQUAL ".hlsl")
-        message("Marked as hlsl file. ${current-output-path}")
+    if (${shader-ext} STREQUAL ".slang")
         add_custom_command(
-                OUTPUT ${current-output-path}
-                COMMAND Vulkan::dxc_exe ${DXC_SHADER_FLAGS} -spirv -T "${shader-type}_6_0" -E main ${current-shader-path} -Fo ${current-output-path}
-                DEPENDS ${current-shader-path}
-                IMPLICIT_DEPENDS CXX ${current-shader-path}
-                VERBATIM)
-    elseif (Vulkan_glslc_FOUND AND ${shader-ext} STREQUAL ".glsl")
-        message("Marked as glsl file. ${current-output-path}")
-        add_custom_command(
-                OUTPUT ${current-output-path}
-                COMMAND Vulkan::glslc ${GLSLC_SHADER_FLAGS} -o ${current-output-path} ${current-shader-path}
+                OUTPUT ${current-output-path} ${current-copy-path}
+                COMMAND ${slangc_exe} ${current-shader-path} -o ${current-output-path}
+                COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy ${current-shader-path} ${current-copy-path}
                 DEPENDS ${current-shader-path}
                 IMPLICIT_DEPENDS CXX ${current-shader-path}
                 VERBATIM)
@@ -34,9 +31,3 @@ function(add_shader TARGET SHADER)
     set_source_files_properties(${current-output-path} PROPERTIES GENERATED TRUE)
     target_sources(${TARGET} PRIVATE ${current-output-path})
 endfunction(add_shader)
-
-function(add_shaders TARGET SHADERS)
-    foreach(shader IN ${SHADERS})
-        add_shader(TARGET ${shader})
-    endforeach()
-endfunction(add_shaders)

aster/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@ find_package(Vulkan REQUIRED)
 find_package(fmt CONFIG REQUIRED)
 find_package(VulkanMemoryAllocator CONFIG REQUIRED)
 find_package(EASTL CONFIG REQUIRED)
+find_library(slang NAMES "slang" CONFIG REQUIRED)
+find_package(foonathan_memory CONFIG REQUIRED)
 
 add_library(aster_core STATIC)
 
 add_subdirectory("include")
 add_subdirectory("src")
 
-set_property(TARGET aster_core PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD 20)
+target_compile_features(aster_core PUBLIC cxx_std_23)
 
 target_include_directories(aster_core PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/aster")
 target_include_directories(aster_core PUBLIC "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include")
@@ -26,4 +28,6 @@ target_include_directories(aster_core PRIVATE ${SCOTTT_DEBUGBREAK_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 target_link_libraries(aster_core PRIVATE fmt::fmt)
 target_link_libraries(aster_core PRIVATE EASTL)
 target_link_libraries(aster_core PUBLIC Vulkan::Headers GPUOpen::VulkanMemoryAllocator)
+target_link_libraries(aster_core PUBLIC ${slang})
+target_link_libraries(aster_core PRIVATE foonathan_memory)
 

aster/include/aster/core/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ INTERFACE
         "global.h"
         "constants.h"
         "config.h"
-        "context.h"
+        "instance.h"
         "physical_device.h"
         "device.h"
         "swapchain.h"
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ INTERFACE
         "queue_allocation.h"
         "buffer.h"
         "image.h"
+        "image_view.h"
         "surface.h"
         "size.h"
         "type_traits.h"
-        "window.h")
+        "window.h"
+        "sampler.h")

aster/include/aster/core/buffer.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: buffer.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -9,125 +9,110 @@
 
 struct Device;
 
-// TODO Refactor the Buffer Hierarchy
-
+/// A Vulkan buffer wrapper.
 struct Buffer
 {
+    enum class FlagBits : u8
+    {
+        eNone = 0x0,
+        eStaging = 0x1,
+        eUniform = 0x2,
+        eStorage = 0x4,
+        eIndex = 0x8,
+        eVertex = 0x10,
+        eIndirect = 0x20,
+    };
+
+    using Flags = vk::Flags<FlagBits>;
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = {};
+
+    Device const *m_Device = nullptr;
     vk::Buffer m_Buffer = nullptr;
     VmaAllocation m_Allocation = nullptr;
+    u8 *m_Mapped = nullptr; ///< If the buffer is host visible, it should be (and stay) mapped.
+    uptr m_DeviceAddr = 0;
+    usize m_Size = 0;
+    Flags m_Flags = {};
 
-    // If the buffer is host visible, it should be (and stay) mapped.
-    u8 *m_Mapped = nullptr;
+    /// @returns True if it is a valid vulkan buffer.
+    [[nodiscard]] bool
+    IsValid() const
+    {
+        return m_Buffer;
+    }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] usize GetSize() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsHostVisible() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsValid() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsMapped() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsOwned() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsCommitted() const;
-    void SetCommitted(bool committed);
+    /// If the buffer is host visible, it should be (and stay) mapped.
+    /// @returns True if the buffer is host-visible and mapped.
+    [[nodiscard]] bool
+    IsMapped() const
+    {
+        return m_Mapped;
+    }
 
-    void Destroy(const Device *device);
-    void Write(const Device *device, usize offset, usize size, const void *data);
+    /// Writes the data to the buffer.
+    /// @note The buffer must be mapped.
+    void Write(usize offset, usize size, void const *data) const;
 
-    void Allocate(const Device *device, usize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags bufferUsage,
-                  VmaAllocationCreateFlags allocationFlags, VmaMemoryUsage memoryUsage, cstr name);
+    /// If Buffer Device Address is enabled,
+    /// Get a pointer.
+    [[nodiscard]] uptr GetDeviceAddress() const;
 
-    uptr
-    GetDeviceAddress(const Device *device);
+    // Constructors
 
-    // Buffer.size is used for bookkeeping
-    // If the buffer is Invalid, the remaining data in Buffer is used intrusively by `GpuResourceManager`.
-    usize m_Size_ = 0;
+    Buffer(Device const *device, usize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags bufferUsage, VmaAllocationCreateFlags allocationFlags,
+           VmaMemoryUsage memoryUsage, cstr name);
 
-    constexpr static usize VALID_BUFFER_BIT = Cast<usize>(1llu << 63);
-    constexpr static usize OWNED_BIT = 1llu << 62;
-    constexpr static usize COMMITTED_BIT = 1llu << 61;
-    constexpr static usize SIZE_MASK = ~(VALID_BUFFER_BIT | OWNED_BIT | COMMITTED_BIT);
+    Buffer(Buffer &&other) noexcept;
+    Buffer &operator=(Buffer &&other) noexcept;
+
+    ~Buffer();
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Buffer);
 };
 
-template <>
-constexpr bool concepts::GpuResource<Buffer> = true;
-
-// Ensure that m_Size doesn't get used intrusively since it manages the state.
-static_assert(offsetof(Buffer, m_Size_) > sizeof(usize));
-
 struct UniformBuffer : Buffer
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eUniform;
 };
 
 struct StorageBuffer : Buffer
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, usize size, bool hostVisible, cstr name = nullptr);
-    void Init(const Device *device, usize size, bool hostVisible, bool deviceAddress, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eStorage;
 };
 
 struct IndirectBuffer : Buffer
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, usize size, bool hostVisible, cstr name = nullptr);
-};
-
-struct StorageIndexBuffer : StorageBuffer
-{
-    void Init(const Device *device, usize size, bool hostVisible, bool deviceAddress, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eIndirect;
 };
 
 struct VertexBuffer : Buffer
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
-    void Write(const Device *device, void *data, usize size, usize offset) const = delete;
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eVertex;
 };
 
 struct IndexBuffer : Buffer
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
-    void Write(const Device *device, void *data, usize size, usize offset) const = delete;
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eIndex;
 };
 
 struct StagingBuffer : Buffer
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eStaging;
 };
 
-inline usize
-Buffer::GetSize() const
+namespace concepts
 {
-    return m_Size_ & SIZE_MASK;
-}
+template <typename T>
+concept AnyBuffer = std::derived_from<T, Buffer>;
 
-inline bool
-Buffer::IsHostVisible() const
-{
-    return IsMapped();
-}
+template <typename T, typename TInto>
+concept BufferInto = std::derived_from<T, Buffer> and std::derived_from<TInto, Buffer> and
+                     (static_cast<bool>(T::FLAGS & TInto::FLAGS) or std::same_as<Buffer, TInto>);
 
-inline bool
-Buffer::IsValid() const
-{
-    return m_Size_ & VALID_BUFFER_BIT;
-}
+template <typename T>
+concept AnyBufferRef = Deref<T> and AnyBuffer<DerefType<T>>;
 
-inline bool
-Buffer::IsMapped() const
-{
-    return m_Mapped;
-}
+template <typename T, typename TTo>
+concept BufferRefTo = Deref<T> and BufferInto<DerefType<T>, TTo>;
 
-inline bool
-Buffer::IsOwned() const
-{
-    return m_Size_ & OWNED_BIT;
-}
-
-inline bool
-Buffer::IsCommitted() const
-{
-    return m_Size_ & COMMITTED_BIT;
-}
-
-inline void
-Buffer::SetCommitted(const bool committed)
-{
-    m_Size_ = committed ? (m_Size_ | COMMITTED_BIT) : (m_Size_ & ~COMMITTED_BIT);
-}
+} // namespace concepts

aster/include/aster/core/config.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: config.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 #define VULKAN_HPP_NO_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTORS
 #define VULKAN_HPP_DISABLE_ENHANCED_MODE 1
 #define VULKAN_HPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS 1
+#define VULKAN_HPP_NO_SMART_HANDLE 1
+#define VULKAN_HPP_NO_STRUCT_SETTERS 1
 
 #define VMA_STATIC_VULKAN_FUNCTIONS 0
 #define VMA_DYNAMIC_VULKAN_FUNCTIONS 1

aster/include/aster/core/constants.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: constants.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtx/quaternion.hpp>
 
+#include <atomic>
+
 using c8 = char;
 using u8 = uint8_t;
 using u16 = uint16_t;
@@ -28,8 +30,9 @@ using f128 = long double;
 using b8 = bool;
 using b32 = u32;
 using usize = size_t;
+using isize = intptr_t;
 using uptr = uintptr_t;
-using cstr = const char *;
+using cstr = char const *;
 
 namespace ansi_color
 {
@@ -44,42 +47,28 @@ constexpr auto White = "\u001b[37m";
 constexpr auto Reset = "\u001b[0m";
 } // namespace ansi_color
 
-template <typename TType, typename TFrom>
-constexpr auto
-Cast(TFrom &&in)
-{
-    return static_cast<TType>(std::forward<TFrom>(in));
-}
-
-template <typename TType, typename TFrom>
-constexpr auto
-Recast(TFrom &&in)
-{
-    return reinterpret_cast<TType>(std::forward<TFrom>(in));
-}
-
 constexpr f32
 operator""_deg(long double degrees)
 {
-    return glm::radians<f32>(Cast<f32>(degrees));
+    return glm::radians<f32>(static_cast<f32>(degrees));
 }
 
 constexpr f32
 operator""_deg(unsigned long long int degrees)
 {
-    return glm::radians<f32>(Cast<f32>(degrees));
+    return glm::radians<f32>(static_cast<f32>(degrees));
 }
 
 constexpr f32
 operator""_rad(long double rads)
 {
-    return Cast<f32>(rads);
+    return static_cast<f32>(rads);
 }
 
 constexpr f32
 operator""_rad(unsigned long long int rads)
 {
-    return Cast<f32>(rads);
+    return static_cast<f32>(rads);
 }
 
 using glm::ivec2;
@@ -116,31 +105,31 @@ constexpr Version VERSION = {
 };
 
 constexpr u32
-Kilobyte(const u32 in)
+Kilobyte(u32 const in)
 {
     return in * 1024;
 }
 
 constexpr usize
-Kilobyte(const usize in)
+Kilobyte(usize const in)
 {
     return in * 1024;
 }
 
 constexpr u32
-Megabyte(const u32 in)
+Megabyte(u32 const in)
 {
     return in * 1024 * 1024;
 }
 
 constexpr usize
-Megabyte(const usize in)
+Megabyte(usize const in)
 {
     return in * 1024 * 1024;
 }
 
 constexpr usize
-Gigabyte(const usize in)
+Gigabyte(usize const in)
 {
     return in * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
 }

aster/include/aster/core/device.h

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: device.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "global.h"
 
-#include <EASTL/vector.h>
 #include <EASTL/span.h>
+#include <EASTL/vector.h>
 
 struct QueueAllocation;
-struct Context;
+struct Instance;
 struct PhysicalDevice;
 
 struct Features
@@ -31,19 +31,31 @@ struct Device final
     vk::PipelineCache m_PipelineCache = nullptr;
     bool m_ValidationEnabled = true;
 
-    template <typename T>
-    requires vk::isVulkanHandleType<T>::value void SetName(const T &object, cstr name) const;
+    template <concepts::VkHandle T>
+    void SetName(T const &object, cstr name) const;
     [[nodiscard]] vk::Queue GetQueue(u32 familyIndex, u32 queueIndex) const;
 
     [[nodiscard]] eastl::vector<u8> DumpPipelineCache() const;
 
     void WaitIdle() const;
 
+    vk::Device *
+    operator->()
+    {
+        return &m_Device;
+    }
+
+    vk::Device const *
+    operator->() const
+    {
+        return &m_Device;
+    }
+
     // Ctor/Dtor
-    Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features *enabledFeatures,
-           const eastl::vector<QueueAllocation> &queueAllocations, NameString &&name);
-    Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features *enabledFeatures,
-           const eastl::vector<QueueAllocation> &queueAllocations, eastl::span<u8> &&pipelineCacheData, NameString &&name);
+    Device() = default;
+    Device(Instance const &context, PhysicalDevice &physicalDevice, Features &enabledFeatures,
+           eastl::span<QueueAllocation> const &queueAllocations, eastl::span<u8> const &pipelineCacheData,
+           NameString &&name);
     ~Device();
 
     // Move
@@ -53,15 +65,15 @@ struct Device final
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Device);
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-requires vk::isVulkanHandleType<T>::value void
-Device::SetName(const T &object, cstr name) const
+template <concepts::VkHandle T>
+void
+Device::SetName(T const &object, cstr name) const
 {
     if (!m_ValidationEnabled || !name || !object)
         return;
 
-    auto handle = Recast<u64>(Cast<typename T::NativeType>(object));
-    const vk::DebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT objectNameInfo = {
+    auto handle = reinterpret_cast<u64>(static_cast<typename T::NativeType>(object));
+    vk::DebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT const objectNameInfo = {
         .objectType = object.objectType,
         .objectHandle = handle,
         .pObjectName = name,

aster/include/aster/core/global.h

@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: global.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "config.h"
+
 #include "constants.h"
-#include "util/logger.h"
+
+#include "aster/util/logger.h"
 
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 
+#include <EASTL/shared_ptr.h>
 #include <fmt/format.h>
 
 // Macros that can collide with functions.
@@ -26,6 +29,8 @@
 #if !defined(NDEBUG)
 #define VULKAN_HPP_ASSERT(expr) DEBUG_IF(!(expr), "Vulkan assert failed")
 #endif
+
+#include "EASTL/intrusive_ptr.h"
 #include "type_traits.h"
 
 #include <EASTL/fixed_string.h>
@@ -50,38 +55,70 @@ constexpr u32 ASTER_API_VERSION = VK_API_VERSION_1_3;
 
 #define Take(ELEMENT) eastl::exchange(ELEMENT, {})
 
-#define TODO(MSG) assert(false && ("Unimplemented: " MSG))
+#define TODO(...) assert(!("Unimplemented: " __VA_ARGS__))
+#define FIX(...) static_assert(!("Unimplemented: " __VA_ARGS__))
+#define UNREACHABLE(...) assert(!("Unreachable: " __VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define AbortIfFailed(RESULT)                                                                                          \
+    do                                                                                                                 \
+    {                                                                                                                  \
+        vk::Result _checkResultValue_;                                                                                 \
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_ = static_cast<vk::Result>(RESULT)), "Cause: {}", _checkResultValue_)        \
+        THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);                                                                                \
+    } while (false)
+
+#define AbortIfFailedMV(RESULT, MSG, EXTRA)                                                                            \
+    do                                                                                                                 \
+    {                                                                                                                  \
+        vk::Result _checkResultValue_;                                                                                 \
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_ = static_cast<vk::Result>(RESULT)), MSG " Cause: {}", EXTRA,                \
+                 _checkResultValue_)                                                                                   \
+        THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);                                                                                \
+    } while (false)
+
+#define AbortIfFailedM(RESULT, MSG)                                                                                    \
+    do                                                                                                                 \
+    {                                                                                                                  \
+        auto _checkResultValue_ = static_cast<vk::Result>(RESULT);                                                     \
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_), MSG " Cause: {}", _checkResultValue_) THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);     \
+    } while (false)
 
 [[nodiscard]] inline bool
-Failed(const vk::Result result)
+Failed(vk::Result const result)
 {
     return result != vk::Result::eSuccess;
 }
 
+namespace concepts
+{
+template <typename T>
+concept VkHandle = vk::isVulkanHandleType<T>::value;
+}
+
 using NameString = eastl::fixed_string<char, 32, false>;
 
 template <typename TFlagBits>
 struct eastl::hash<vk::Flags<TFlagBits>> // NOLINT(*-dcl58-cpp)
 {
     [[nodiscard]] usize
-    operator()(const vk::Flags<TFlagBits> &val)
+    operator()(vk::Flags<TFlagBits> const &val)
     {
-        return std::hash<u32>()(Cast<u32>(val));
+        return std::hash<u32>()(static_cast<u32>(val));
     }
 };
 
 template <typename T>
 [[nodiscard]] usize
-HashAny(const T &val)
+HashAny(T const &val)
 {
     return eastl::hash<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>()(val);
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] inline usize
-HashCombine(const usize hash0, const usize hash1)
+HashCombine(usize const hash0, usize const hash1)
 {
     constexpr usize saltValue = 0x9e3779b9;
-    const usize tempVar = hash1 + saltValue + (hash0 << 6) + (hash0 >> 2);
+    usize const tempVar = hash1 + saltValue + (hash0 << 6) + (hash0 >> 2);
     return hash0 ^ tempVar;
 }
 
@@ -104,32 +141,32 @@ struct Time
     Update()
     {
         ERROR_IF(std::isnan(m_Elapsed), "Time not init.");
-        const auto newElapsed = glfwGetTime();
+        auto const newElapsed = glfwGetTime();
         m_Delta = std::clamp(newElapsed - m_Elapsed, 0.0, MAX_DELTA);
         m_Elapsed = newElapsed;
     }
 };
 
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr usize
-ClosestMultiple(const usize val, const usize of)
+ClosestMultiple(usize const val, usize const of)
 {
     return of * ((val + of - 1) / of);
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr u32
-ClosestMultiple(const u32 val, const u32 of)
+ClosestMultiple(u32 const val, u32 const of)
 {
     return of * ((val + of - 1) / of);
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool
-IsPowerOfTwo(const usize val)
+IsPowerOfTwo(usize const val)
 {
     return val && !(val & (val - 1));
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool
-IsPowerOfTwo(const u32 val)
+IsPowerOfTwo(u32 const val)
 {
     return val && !(val & (val - 1));
 }
@@ -149,10 +186,10 @@ ClosestLargerPowerOfTwo(usize val)
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr usize
-ClosestPowerOfTwo(const usize val)
+ClosestPowerOfTwo(usize const val)
 {
-    const usize largerPo2 = ClosestLargerPowerOfTwo(val);
-    const usize smallerPo2 = largerPo2 >> 1;
+    usize const largerPo2 = ClosestLargerPowerOfTwo(val);
+    usize const smallerPo2 = largerPo2 >> 1;
     return (smallerPo2 + largerPo2 <= (val << 1)) ? largerPo2 : smallerPo2;
 }
 
@@ -170,10 +207,10 @@ ClosestLargerPowerOfTwo(u32 val)
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] constexpr u32
-ClosestPowerOfTwo(const u32 val)
+ClosestPowerOfTwo(u32 const val)
 {
-    const u32 largerPo2 = ClosestLargerPowerOfTwo(val);
-    const u32 smallerPo2 = largerPo2 >> 1;
+    u32 const largerPo2 = ClosestLargerPowerOfTwo(val);
+    u32 const smallerPo2 = largerPo2 >> 1;
     return (smallerPo2 + largerPo2 <= (val << 1)) ? largerPo2 : smallerPo2;
 }
 
@@ -189,15 +226,20 @@ GetMaskOffset(u32 val)
     return count;
 }
 
-template <>
-struct fmt::formatter<vk::Result> : nested_formatter<std::string>
+template <typename T>
+concept VkToString = requires(T a) {
+    { vk::to_string(a) } -> std::convertible_to<std::string>;
+};
+
+template <VkToString T>
+struct fmt::formatter<T> : nested_formatter<std::string>
 {
     auto
     // ReSharper disable once CppInconsistentNaming
-    format(vk::Result result, format_context &ctx) const
+    format(T result, format_context &ctx) const
     {
         return write_padded(ctx,
-                            [this, result](auto out) { return v10::format_to(out, "{}", nested(to_string(result))); });
+                            [this, result](auto out) { return fmt::format_to(out, "{}", nested(to_string(result))); });
     }
 };
 
@@ -206,8 +248,14 @@ struct fmt::formatter<eastl::fixed_string<TType, TCount, TOverflow>> : nested_fo
 {
     auto
     // ReSharper disable once CppInconsistentNaming
-    format(const eastl::fixed_string<TType, TCount, TOverflow> &str, format_context &ctx) const
+    format(eastl::fixed_string<TType, TCount, TOverflow> const &str, format_context &ctx) const
     {
-        return write_padded(ctx, [this, str](auto out) { return v10::format_to(out, "{}", nested(str.c_str())); });
+        return write_padded(ctx, [this, str](auto out) { return fmt::format_to(out, "{}", nested(str.c_str())); });
     }
 };
+
+template <typename T>
+using Ref = eastl::shared_ptr<T>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using WeakRef = eastl::weak_ptr<T>;

aster/include/aster/core/image.h

@@ -1,137 +1,132 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: image.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "global.h"
 
+struct StorageTexture;
 struct Device;
 
 [[nodiscard]] inline vk::Extent2D
-ToExtent2D(const vk::Extent3D &extent)
+ToExtent2D(vk::Extent3D const &extent)
 {
     return {extent.width, extent.height};
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] inline vk::Extent3D
-ToExtent3D(const vk::Extent2D &extent, const u32 depth)
+ToExtent3D(vk::Extent2D const &extent, u32 const depth)
 {
     return {extent.width, extent.height, depth};
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] inline vk::Offset2D
-ToOffset2D(const vk::Extent3D &extent)
+ToOffset2D(vk::Extent3D const &extent)
 {
-    return {Cast<i32>(extent.width), Cast<i32>(extent.height)};
+    return {static_cast<i32>(extent.width), static_cast<i32>(extent.height)};
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] inline vk::Offset3D
-ToOffset3D(const vk::Extent3D &extent)
+ToOffset3D(vk::Extent3D const &extent)
 {
-    return {Cast<i32>(extent.width), Cast<i32>(extent.height), Cast<i32>(extent.depth)};
+    return {static_cast<i32>(extent.width), static_cast<i32>(extent.height), static_cast<i32>(extent.depth)};
 }
 
 struct Image
 {
+    enum class FlagBits : u8
+    {
+        eSampled = 0x1,
+        eStorage = 0x2,
+        eCube = 0x4,
+    };
+
+    using Flags = vk::Flags<FlagBits>;
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = {};
+
+    Device const *m_Device = nullptr;
     vk::Image m_Image = nullptr;
-    vk::ImageView m_View = nullptr;
     VmaAllocation m_Allocation = nullptr;
     vk::Extent3D m_Extent;
-    // Image.m_MipLevels_ is used for bookkeeping
-    // If the image is Invalid, the remaining data in Image is used intrusively by `GpuResourceManager`.
+    vk::Format m_Format;
     u8 m_EmptyPadding_ = 0;
-    u8 m_Flags_ = 0;
+    Flags m_Flags_ = {};
     u8 m_LayerCount = 0;
     u8 m_MipLevels = 0;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsValid() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsOwned() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] u32 GetMipLevels() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsCommitted() const;
-    void SetCommitted(bool committed);
+    [[nodiscard]] bool
+    IsValid() const
+    {
+        return m_Image;
+    }
 
-    void Destroy(const Device *device);
+    [[nodiscard]] u32
+    GetMipLevels() const
+    {
+        return m_MipLevels;
+    }
 
-    constexpr static u8 VALID_BIT = 1u << 7;
-    constexpr static u8 OWNED_BIT = 1u << 6;
-    constexpr static u8 COMMITTED_BIT = 1u << 5;
+    void DestroyView(vk::ImageView imageView) const;
+
+    // Constructors.
+
+    explicit Image(Device const *device, vk::Image image, VmaAllocation allocation, vk::Extent3D extent,
+                   vk::Format format, Flags flags, u8 layerCount, u8 mipLevels);
+
+    Image(Image &&other) noexcept;
+    Image &operator=(Image &&other) noexcept;
+
+    ~Image();
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Image);
 };
 
-template <>
-constexpr bool concepts::GpuResource<Image> = true;
-
 struct Texture : Image
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageFormat, bool isMipMapped, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eSampled;
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(Texture) == sizeof(Image));
-
-struct TextureCube : Texture
+struct ImageCube : Image
 {
-    void
-    Init(const Device *device, u32 cubeSide, vk::Format imageFormat, bool isMipMapped = false, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eCube;
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(TextureCube) == sizeof(Image));
-
-struct AttachmentImage : Image
+struct TextureCube : Image
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageFormat, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = Texture::FLAGS | ImageCube::FLAGS;
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(AttachmentImage) == sizeof(Image));
-
-struct DepthImage : Image
+struct StorageImage : Image
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = FlagBits::eStorage;
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(DepthImage) == sizeof(Image));
-
-struct StorageTexture : Texture
+struct StorageTexture : StorageImage
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageFormat, bool isSampled, cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = StorageImage::FLAGS | Texture::FLAGS;
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(StorageTexture) == sizeof(Image));
-
-struct StorageTextureCube : StorageTexture
+struct StorageTextureCube : StorageImage
 {
-    void Init(const Device *device, u32 cubeSide, vk::Format imageFormat, bool isSampled, bool isMipMapped = false,
-              cstr name = nullptr);
+    constexpr static Flags FLAGS = StorageImage::FLAGS | Texture::FLAGS | ImageCube::FLAGS;
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(StorageTextureCube) == sizeof(Image));
-
-inline bool
-Image::IsValid() const
+namespace concepts
 {
-    return m_Flags_ & VALID_BIT;
-}
 
-inline bool
-Image::IsOwned() const
-{
-    return m_Flags_ & OWNED_BIT;
-}
+template <typename T>
+concept AnyImage = std::derived_from<T, Image>;
 
-inline u32
-Image::GetMipLevels() const
-{
-    return m_MipLevels;
-}
+template <typename T, typename TInto>
+concept ImageInto = std::derived_from<T, Image> and std::derived_from<TInto, Image> and
+                    (static_cast<bool>(T::FLAGS & TInto::FLAGS) or std::same_as<Image, TInto>);
 
-inline bool
-Image::IsCommitted() const
-{
-    return m_Flags_ & COMMITTED_BIT;
-}
+template <typename T>
+concept AnyImageRef = Deref<T> and AnyImage<DerefType<T>>;
 
-inline void
-Image::SetCommitted(const bool committed)
-{
-    m_Flags_ = committed ? (m_Flags_ | COMMITTED_BIT) : (m_Flags_ & ~COMMITTED_BIT);
-}
+template <typename T, typename TTo>
+concept ImageRefTo = Deref<T> and ImageInto<DerefType<T>, TTo>;
+
+} // namespace concepts

aster/include/aster/core/image_view.h

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: image_view.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "global.h"
+#include "image.h"
+
+template <concepts::AnyImage TImage>
+struct View
+{
+    using ImageType = TImage;
+
+    Ref<Image> m_Image;
+    vk::ImageView m_View = nullptr;
+    vk::Extent3D m_Extent;
+    u8 m_BaseLayer = 0;
+    u8 m_LayerCount = 0;
+    u8 m_BaseMipLevel = 0;
+    u8 m_MipLevelCount = 0;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::Image
+    GetImage() const
+    {
+        return m_Image->m_Image;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool
+    IsValid() const
+    {
+        return static_cast<bool>(m_Image);
+    }
+
+    View(Ref<Image> image, vk::ImageView const view, vk::Extent3D const extent, u8 const baseLayer, u8 const layerCount,
+         u8 const baseMipLevel, u8 const mipLevelCount)
+        : m_Image{std::move(image)}
+        , m_View{view}
+        , m_Extent{extent}
+        , m_BaseLayer{baseLayer}
+        , m_LayerCount{layerCount}
+        , m_BaseMipLevel{baseMipLevel}
+        , m_MipLevelCount{mipLevelCount}
+    {
+    }
+
+    View(View &&other) noexcept
+        : m_Image{std::move(other.m_Image)}
+        , m_View{Take(other.m_View)}
+        , m_Extent{std::move(other.m_Extent)}
+        , m_BaseLayer{other.m_BaseLayer}
+        , m_LayerCount{other.m_LayerCount}
+        , m_BaseMipLevel{other.m_BaseMipLevel}
+        , m_MipLevelCount{other.m_MipLevelCount}
+    {
+    }
+
+    View &
+    operator=(View &&other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+            return *this;
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(m_Image, other.m_Image);
+        swap(m_View, other.m_View);
+        swap(m_Extent, other.m_Extent);
+        swap(m_BaseLayer, other.m_BaseLayer);
+        swap(m_LayerCount, other.m_LayerCount);
+        swap(m_BaseMipLevel, other.m_BaseMipLevel);
+        swap(m_MipLevelCount, other.m_MipLevelCount);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(View);
+
+    ~View()
+    {
+        if (!IsValid())
+            return;
+
+        m_Image->DestroyView(Take(m_View));
+    }
+};
+
+using ImageView = View<Image>;
+using ImageCubeView = View<ImageCube>;
+using TextureView = View<Texture>;
+using TextureCubeView = View<TextureCube>;
+using StorageImageView = View<StorageImage>;
+using StorageTextureView = View<StorageTexture>;
+using StorageTextureCubeView = View<StorageTextureCube>;
+
+namespace concepts
+{
+template <typename T>
+concept View = std::derived_from<T, View<typename T::ImageType>>;
+
+template <typename T, typename TTo>
+concept ViewTo = View<T> and ImageInto<typename T::ImageType, TTo>;
+
+template <typename T>
+concept ViewRef = Deref<T> and View<DerefType<T>>;
+
+template <typename T, typename TTo>
+concept ViewRefTo = ViewRef<T> and ImageInto<typename DerefType<T>::ImageType, TTo>;
+
+} // namespace concepts

aster/include/aster/core/instance.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: context.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -8,25 +8,26 @@
 #include "global.h"
 
 /**
- * @class Context
+ * @class Instance
  *
  * @brief Vulkan context to handle device initialization logic.
  *
  * Handles the required hardware interactions.
  */
-struct Context final
+struct Instance final
 {
     // Members
     vk::Instance m_Instance = nullptr;
     vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT m_DebugMessenger = nullptr;
 
     // Ctor/Dtor
-    Context(cstr appName, Version version, bool enableValidation = ENABLE_LAYER_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_VALUE);
-    ~Context();
+    Instance() = default;
+    Instance(cstr appName, Version version, bool enableValidation = ENABLE_LAYER_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_VALUE);
+    ~Instance();
 
     // Move
-    Context(Context &&other) noexcept;
-    Context &operator=(Context &&other) noexcept;
+    Instance(Instance &&other) noexcept;
+    Instance &operator=(Instance &&other) noexcept;
 
 #if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
     constexpr static bool ENABLE_LAYER_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_VALUE = true;
@@ -34,5 +35,5 @@ struct Context final
     constexpr static bool ENABLE_LAYER_MESSAGES_DEFAULT_VALUE = false;
 #endif
 
-    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Context);
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Instance);
 };

aster/include/aster/core/physical_device.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: physical_device.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@
 #include "global.h"
 #include "surface.h"
 
+#include <sstream>
+
 #include <EASTL/fixed_vector.h>
 
 struct Window;
-struct Context;
+struct Instance;
 
 enum class QueueSupportFlagBits
 {
@@ -23,6 +25,31 @@ enum class QueueSupportFlagBits
 
 using QueueSupportFlags = vk::Flags<QueueSupportFlagBits>;
 
+inline std::string
+// ReSharper disable once CppInconsistentNaming
+format_as(QueueSupportFlags const &qfi)
+{
+    std::stringstream sb;
+    if (qfi & QueueSupportFlagBits::eGraphics)
+    {
+        sb << "Graphics | ";
+    }
+    if (qfi & QueueSupportFlagBits::eTransfer)
+    {
+        sb << "Transfer | ";
+    }
+    if (qfi & QueueSupportFlagBits::eCompute)
+    {
+        sb << "Compute | ";
+    }
+    if (qfi & QueueSupportFlagBits::ePresent)
+    {
+        sb << "Present | ";
+    }
+    auto const sbv = sb.view();
+    return std::string(sbv.substr(0, sbv.size() - 3));
+}
+
 struct QueueFamilyInfo
 {
     u32 m_Index;
@@ -30,6 +57,12 @@ struct QueueFamilyInfo
     QueueSupportFlags m_Support;
 };
 
+inline std::string
+format_as(QueueFamilyInfo const &qfi)
+{
+    return fmt::format("Queue {}: Count={} Support={}", qfi.m_Index, qfi.m_Count, qfi.m_Support);
+}
+
 [[nodiscard]] vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR
 GetSurfaceCapabilities(vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice, vk::SurfaceKHR surface);
 
@@ -48,11 +81,12 @@ struct PhysicalDevice final
     eastl::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR> m_PresentModes;
     eastl::vector<QueueFamilyInfo> m_QueueFamilies;
 
+    PhysicalDevice() = default;
     PhysicalDevice(vk::SurfaceKHR surface, vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice);
 };
 
 class PhysicalDevices : public eastl::fixed_vector<PhysicalDevice, 4>
 {
   public:
-    PhysicalDevices(const Surface *surface, const Context *context);
+    PhysicalDevices(Surface const &surface, Instance const &context);
 };

aster/include/aster/core/pipeline.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: pipeline.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -13,12 +13,45 @@ struct Device;
 
 struct Pipeline
 {
-    const Device *m_Device;
-    vk::PipelineLayout m_Layout;
-    vk::Pipeline m_Pipeline;
-    eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> m_SetLayouts;
+    enum class Kind
+    {
+        eGraphics,
+        eCompute,
+    };
 
-    Pipeline(const Device *device, vk::PipelineLayout layout, vk::Pipeline pipeline,
-             eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> &&setLayouts);
+    Device const *m_Device = nullptr;
+    vk::PipelineLayout m_Layout;
+    vk::Pipeline m_Pipeline = nullptr;
+    eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> m_SetLayouts;
+    Kind m_Kind;
+
+    Pipeline() = default;
+    Pipeline(Device const *device, vk::PipelineLayout layout, vk::Pipeline pipeline,
+             eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> &&setLayouts, Kind kind);
     ~Pipeline();
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Pipeline);
+
+    Pipeline(Pipeline &&other) noexcept
+        : m_Device{other.m_Device}
+        , m_Layout{Take(other.m_Layout)}
+        , m_Pipeline{Take(other.m_Pipeline)}
+        , m_SetLayouts{std::move(other.m_SetLayouts)}
+        , m_Kind{other.m_Kind}
+    {
+    }
+
+    Pipeline &
+    operator=(Pipeline &&other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+            return *this;
+        using eastl::swap;
+        swap(m_Device, other.m_Device);
+        swap(m_Layout, other.m_Layout);
+        swap(m_Pipeline, other.m_Pipeline);
+        swap(m_SetLayouts, other.m_SetLayouts);
+        swap(m_Kind, other.m_Kind);
+        return *this;
+    }
 };

aster/include/aster/core/queue_allocation.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: queue_allocation.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once

aster/include/aster/core/sampler.h

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: sampler.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "global.h"
+
+struct Device;
+
+struct Sampler final
+{
+    Device const *m_Device = nullptr;
+    vk::Sampler m_Sampler = nullptr;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool
+    IsValid() const
+    {
+        return m_Sampler;
+    }
+
+    // Constructors
+
+    Sampler(Device const *device, vk::SamplerCreateInfo const &samplerCreateInfo, cstr name);
+    ~Sampler();
+
+    Sampler(Sampler &&other) noexcept;
+    Sampler &operator=(Sampler &&other) noexcept;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Sampler);
+};

aster/include/aster/core/size.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: size.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -9,10 +9,33 @@
 
 struct Size2D
 {
-    u32 m_Width;
-    u32 m_Height;
+    u32 m_Width = 0;
+    u32 m_Height = 0;
+
+    Size2D() = default;
+
+    Size2D(u32 const width, u32 const height)
+        : m_Width{width}
+        , m_Height{height}
+    {
+    }
+
+    Size2D(vk::Extent2D const extent)
+        : m_Width{extent.width}
+        , m_Height{extent.height}
+    {
+    }
+
+    Size2D &
+    operator=(vk::Extent2D const other)
+    {
+        m_Height = other.height;
+        m_Width = other.width;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(Size2D const &) const = default;
 
-    explicit
     operator vk::Extent2D() const
     {
         return {m_Width, m_Height};

aster/include/aster/core/surface.h

@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: surface.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "global.h"
 
-struct Context;
+struct Instance;
 struct Window;
 
 struct Surface
 {
-    Context *m_Context;
+    Instance *m_Context;
     vk::SurfaceKHR m_Surface;
     NameString m_Name;
 
     // Ctor Dtor
-    Surface(Context *context, const Window *window, cstr name);
+    Surface() = default;
+    Surface(Instance &context, Window const &window);
     ~Surface();
 
     // Move

aster/include/aster/core/swapchain.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// =============================================
 //  Aster: swapchain.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // ==============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -19,9 +19,8 @@ struct Swapchain final
 {
     using FnResizeCallback = eastl::function<void(vk::Extent2D)>;
 
-    const Device *m_Device;
+    Device const *m_Device;
     vk::SwapchainKHR m_Swapchain;
-    NameString m_Name;
     vk::Extent2D m_Extent;
     vk::Format m_Format;
     eastl::fixed_vector<vk::Image, 4> m_Images;
@@ -29,11 +28,12 @@ struct Swapchain final
 
     eastl::vector<FnResizeCallback> m_ResizeCallbacks;
 
-    void Create(const Surface *window, Size2D size);
+    void Create(Surface const &surface, Size2D size);
     void RegisterResizeCallback(FnResizeCallback &&callback);
 
     // Ctor/Dtor
-    Swapchain(const Surface *window, const Device *device, Size2D size, NameString &&name);
+    Swapchain() = default;
+    Swapchain(Surface const &surface, Device const &device, Size2D size);
     ~Swapchain();
 
     // Move
@@ -42,6 +42,6 @@ struct Swapchain final
 
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Swapchain);
 
-  private:
+private:
     void Cleanup();
 };

aster/include/aster/core/type_traits.h

@@ -1,36 +1,28 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: type_traits.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include "constants.h"
+
 struct Device;
+struct Image;
 
 namespace concepts
 {
 template <typename T>
-concept DeviceDestructible = requires(T a, Device *p) {
-    { a.Destroy(p) } -> std::convertible_to<void>;
+concept Deref = requires(T a) {
+    { *a };
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-concept Committable = requires(T a, bool v) {
-    { a.IsCommitted() } -> std::convertible_to<bool>;
-    { a.SetCommitted(v) } -> std::convertible_to<void>;
+template <typename TRef, typename TVal>
+concept DerefTo = requires(TRef a) {
+    { *a } -> std::convertible_to<TVal>;
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-constexpr bool GpuResource = false;
-
-template <typename T>
-concept RenderResource = GpuResource<T> and std::is_default_constructible_v<T> and std::is_trivially_copyable_v<T> and
-                         DeviceDestructible<T> and Committable<T>;
-
-template <typename T>
-constexpr bool IsHandle = false;
-
-template <typename THandle>
-concept HandleType = IsHandle<THandle> and RenderResource<typename THandle::Type>;
+template <Deref T>
+using DerefType = std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(*std::declval<T>())>;
 
 } // namespace concepts

aster/include/aster/core/window.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: window.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ struct Window final
 
     static std::atomic_uint64_t m_WindowCount;
     static std::atomic_bool m_IsGlfwInit;
+    static void SetupLibrary();
+    static cstr *GetInstanceExtensions(u32 *extensionCount);
 
     // Methods
     [[nodiscard]] bool
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ struct Window final
     }
 
     void RequestExit() const noexcept;
-    void SetWindowSize(const vk::Extent2D &extent) const noexcept;
+    void SetWindowSize(vk::Extent2D const &extent) const noexcept;
     void SetWindowSize(u32 width, u32 height) const noexcept;
     /// Actual size of the framebuffer being used for the window render.
     [[nodiscard]] Size2D GetSize() const;

aster/include/aster/systems/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 
 target_sources(aster_core 
 INTERFACE
-	"manager.h"
-	"buffer_manager.h"
-	"image_manager.h"
-	"render_resource_manager.h")
+	"rendering_device.h"
+	"resource.h"
+	"context.h"
+	"commit_manager.h")

aster/include/aster/systems/buffer_manager.h

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: buffer_manager.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "aster/aster.h"
-#include "aster/core/buffer.h"
-#include "manager.h"
-
-namespace systems
-{
-using BufferHandle = Handle<Buffer>;
-
-class BufferManager final : public Manager<Buffer>
-{
-  public:
-    BufferManager(const Device *device, const u32 maxCount, const u8 binding);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] Handle CreateStorageBuffer(usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
-    [[nodiscard]] Handle CreateUniformBuffer(usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
-};
-} // namespace systems

aster/include/aster/systems/commit_manager.h

@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: render_resource_manager.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "aster/aster.h"
+
+#include "aster/util/freelist.h"
+
+#include "EASTL/deque.h"
+#include "EASTL/intrusive_hash_map.h"
+
+#include "EASTL/vector.h"
+#include "aster/core/buffer.h"
+#include "aster/core/image_view.h"
+#include "aster/core/sampler.h"
+#include "resource.h"
+
+namespace systems
+{
+class RenderingDevice;
+
+class CommitManager
+{
+    template <typename T>
+    struct HandleMapper
+    {
+        using Type = T;
+        using Handle = Ref<Type>;
+        using Resource = ResId<Type>;
+
+        struct Entry : eastl::intrusive_hash_node_key<Handle>
+        {
+            std::atomic<u32> m_CommitCount;
+
+            void
+            AddRef()
+            {
+                auto const rc = ++m_CommitCount;
+                assert(rc > 0);
+            }
+
+            void
+            Release()
+            {
+                auto const rc = --m_CommitCount;
+                assert(rc < MaxValue<u32>);
+            }
+
+            u32
+            IsReferenced() const
+            {
+                return m_CommitCount;
+            }
+
+            bool
+            operator==(Entry const &other) const
+            {
+                return this->mKey == other.mKey;
+            }
+
+            Entry *
+            Next()
+            {
+                return reinterpret_cast<Entry *>(this->mpNext);
+            }
+
+            void
+            SetNext(Entry &entry)
+            {
+                this->mpNext = &entry;
+            }
+
+            struct Hash
+            {
+                usize
+                operator()(Handle const &e)
+                {
+                    return eastl::hash<Type *>()(e.get());
+                }
+            };
+        };
+
+        eastl::vector<Entry> m_Data;
+        FreeList<Entry> m_FreeList;
+        eastl::intrusive_hash_map<typename Entry::key_type, Entry, 31, typename Entry::Hash> m_InUse;
+        std::array<FreeList<Entry>, 4> m_ToDelete;
+        u8 m_ToDeleteIndex = 0;
+
+        explicit HandleMapper(u32 const maxCount)
+            : m_Data{maxCount}
+        {
+            // Setup freelist
+            for (auto it = m_Data.rbegin(); it != m_Data.rend(); ++it)
+            {
+                m_FreeList.Push(*it);
+            }
+        }
+
+        ~HandleMapper()
+        {
+            for (auto &toDelete : m_ToDelete)
+            {
+                ClearEntries(toDelete);
+            }
+        }
+
+        PIN_MEMORY(HandleMapper);
+
+        /// Returns a commit, and a bool signifying if it is a new commit.
+        std::tuple<Resource, bool>
+        Create(Handle const &object)
+        {
+            // Get-from freelist
+            assert(!m_FreeList.Empty());
+
+            auto it = m_InUse.find(object);
+            if (it != m_InUse.end())
+            {
+                it->AddRef();
+                auto i = GetIndex(*it);
+                return {Resource{i}, false};
+            }
+
+            Entry &data = m_FreeList.Pop();
+
+            data.mKey = object;
+            data.m_CommitCount = 0;
+
+            m_InUse.insert(data);
+
+            auto i = GetIndex(data);
+
+            return {Resource{i}, true};
+        }
+
+        Handle
+        GetHandle(Resource const &res)
+        {
+            return m_Data[res.m_Index].mKey;
+        }
+
+        void
+        AddRef(Resource const &commit)
+        {
+            m_Data.at(commit.m_Index).AddRef();
+        }
+
+        void
+        Release(Resource const &commit)
+        {
+            auto &entry = m_Data.at(commit.m_Index);
+            entry.Release();
+            if (!entry.IsReferenced())
+            {
+                QueueDelete(entry);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sweeps through the delete queue.
+         * All freed items are cleared. (With a 3 frame delay)
+         */
+        void
+        Update()
+        {
+            m_ToDeleteIndex = (m_ToDeleteIndex + 1) % m_ToDelete.size();
+            auto &list = m_ToDelete[m_ToDeleteIndex];
+            ClearEntries(list);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        u32
+        GetIndex(Entry const &entry)
+        {
+            return static_cast<u32>(&entry - m_Data.begin());
+        }
+
+        void
+        QueueDelete(Entry &entry)
+        {
+            m_InUse.remove(entry);
+            m_ToDelete[m_ToDeleteIndex].Push(entry);
+        }
+
+        void
+        ClearEntries(FreeList<Entry> &entries)
+        {
+            while (!entries.Empty())
+            {
+                Entry &entry = entries.Pop();
+                entry.mKey.reset();
+                entry.m_CommitCount = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    union WriteInfo {
+        vk::DescriptorBufferInfo uBufferInfo;
+        vk::DescriptorImageInfo uImageInfo;
+        vk::BufferView uBufferView;
+
+        explicit WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo const &info);
+        explicit WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorImageInfo const &info);
+        explicit WriteInfo(vk::BufferView const &info);
+    };
+
+    using WriteCommand = vk::WriteDescriptorSet;
+
+    // using WriteOwner = std::variant<Handle<Buffer>, Handle<Image>>;
+
+  public:
+    RenderingDevice const *m_Device;
+
+    CommitManager(RenderingDevice const *device, u32 maxBuffers, u32 maxImages, u32 maxStorageImages,
+                  Ref<Sampler> defaultSampler);
+    ~CommitManager();
+
+    PIN_MEMORY(CommitManager);
+
+    // Commit Buffer
+  private:
+    ResId<Buffer> CommitBuffer(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer);
+
+  public:
+    // Commit Storage Images
+    ResId<StorageImageView>
+    CommitStorageImage(concepts::ViewRefTo<StorageImage> auto const &image)
+    {
+        return CommitStorageImage(CastView<StorageImageView>(image));
+    }
+
+    ResId<StorageImageView> CommitStorageImage(Ref<StorageImageView> const &image);
+
+    // Sampled Images
+    ResId<TextureView>
+    CommitTexture(concepts::ViewRefTo<Texture> auto const &image, Ref<Sampler> const &sampler)
+    {
+        return CommitTexture(CastView<TextureView>(image), sampler);
+    }
+
+    ResId<TextureView>
+    CommitTexture(concepts::ViewRefTo<Texture> auto const &image)
+    {
+        return CommitTexture(CastView<TextureView>(image));
+    }
+
+    ResId<TextureView> CommitTexture(Ref<TextureView> const &handle);
+    ResId<TextureView> CommitTexture(Ref<TextureView> const &image, Ref<Sampler> const &sampler);
+
+    void Update();
+
+    Ref<Buffer>
+    FetchHandle(ResId<Buffer> const &id)
+    {
+        return m_Buffers.GetHandle(id);
+    }
+
+    Ref<TextureView>
+    FetchHandle(ResId<TextureView> const &id)
+    {
+        return m_Images.GetHandle(id);
+    }
+
+    Ref<StorageImageView>
+    FetchHandle(ResId<StorageImageView> const &id)
+    {
+        return m_StorageImages.GetHandle(id);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::DescriptorSetLayout const &
+    GetDescriptorSetLayout() const
+    {
+        return m_SetLayout;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::DescriptorSet const &
+    GetDescriptorSet() const
+    {
+        return m_DescriptorSet;
+    }
+
+    static CommitManager &
+    Instance()
+    {
+        assert(m_Instance);
+        return *m_Instance;
+    }
+
+    static bool
+    IsInit()
+    {
+        return static_cast<bool>(m_Instance);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    vk::DescriptorPool m_DescriptorPool;
+    vk::DescriptorSetLayout m_SetLayout;
+    vk::DescriptorSet m_DescriptorSet;
+
+    constexpr static u8 BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX = 0x0;
+    constexpr static u8 IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX = 0x1;
+    constexpr static u8 STORAGE_IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX = 0x2;
+
+    HandleMapper<Buffer> m_Buffers;
+    HandleMapper<TextureView> m_Images;
+    HandleMapper<StorageImageView> m_StorageImages;
+
+    Ref<Sampler> m_DefaultSampler;
+
+    eastl::vector<vk::WriteDescriptorSet> m_Writes;
+    eastl::deque<WriteInfo> m_WriteInfos;
+    // eastl::vector<WriteOwner> m_WriteOwner;
+
+    static CommitManager *m_Instance;
+    friend ResId<Buffer>;
+    friend ResId<TextureView>;
+    friend ResId<StorageImageView>;
+
+    void
+    AddRef(ResId<Buffer> const &handle)
+    {
+        m_Buffers.AddRef(handle);
+    }
+
+    void
+    AddRef(ResId<TextureView> const &handle)
+    {
+        m_Images.AddRef(handle);
+    }
+
+    void
+    AddRef(ResId<StorageImageView> const &handle)
+    {
+        m_StorageImages.AddRef(handle);
+    }
+
+    void
+    Release(ResId<Buffer> const &handle)
+    {
+        m_Buffers.Release(handle);
+    }
+
+    void
+    Release(ResId<TextureView> const &handle)
+    {
+        m_Images.Release(handle);
+    }
+
+    void
+    Release(ResId<StorageImageView> const &handle)
+    {
+        m_StorageImages.Release(handle);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+void
+ResId<T>::AddRef() const
+{
+    if (m_Index != INVALID)
+        CommitManager::Instance().AddRef(*this);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void
+ResId<T>::Release() const
+{
+    if (m_Index != INVALID)
+        CommitManager::Instance().Release(*this);
+}
+
+} // namespace systems

aster/include/aster/systems/context.h

@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: context_pool.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "EASTL/span.h"
+#include "context.h"
+
+#include <aster/aster.h>
+
+#include <aster/core/buffer.h>
+#include <aster/core/image.h>
+#include <aster/core/image_view.h>
+#include <aster/core/physical_device.h>
+#include <aster/core/pipeline.h>
+
+#include <EASTL/intrusive_list.h>
+#include <EASTL/optional.h>
+#include <EASTL/vector.h>
+
+#include <foonathan/memory/memory_pool.hpp>
+#include <foonathan/memory/namespace_alias.hpp>
+
+namespace systems
+{
+
+class RenderingDevice;
+struct Frame;
+
+namespace _internal
+{
+class ComputeContextPool;
+class GraphicsContextPool;
+class TransferContextPool;
+class ContextPool;
+} // namespace _internal
+
+#define DEPRECATE_RAW_CALLS
+
+class Context
+{
+  protected:
+    _internal::ContextPool *m_Pool;
+    vk::CommandBuffer m_Cmd;
+
+    friend RenderingDevice;
+    friend _internal::ContextPool;
+
+    explicit Context(_internal::ContextPool &pool, vk::CommandBuffer const cmd)
+        : m_Pool{&pool}
+        , m_Cmd{cmd}
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// Keep the resource alive while the command buffers are acting.
+    void KeepAlive(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer);
+    /// Keep the resource alive while the command buffers are acting.
+    void KeepAlive(Ref<Image> const &image);
+    /// Keep the resource alive while the command buffers are acting.
+    void KeepAlive(Ref<ImageView> const &view);
+
+  public:
+    DEPRECATE_RAW_CALLS void Dependency(vk::DependencyInfo const &dependencyInfo);
+
+    void Begin();
+    void End();
+
+    void BeginDebugRegion(cstr name, vec4 color = {});
+    void EndDebugRegion();
+};
+
+// Inline the no-op if not debug.
+#if defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
+inline void
+Context::BeginDebugRegion(cstr name, vec4 color)
+{
+}
+
+inline void
+Context::EndDebugRegion()
+{
+}
+#endif
+
+class TransferContext : public Context
+{
+  protected:
+    friend RenderingDevice;
+    friend _internal::TransferContextPool;
+
+    explicit TransferContext(_internal::ContextPool &pool, vk::CommandBuffer const cmd)
+        : Context{pool, cmd}
+    {
+    }
+
+    void UploadBuffer(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer, usize size, void const *data);
+
+  public:
+    void UploadTexture(Ref<Image> const &image, eastl::span<u8> const &data);
+
+    void
+    UploadBuffer(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer, std::ranges::range auto const &data)
+    {
+        auto const span = eastl::span{data.begin(), data.end()};
+        UploadBuffer(buffer, span.size_bytes(), span.data());
+    }
+
+    DEPRECATE_RAW_CALLS void Blit(vk::BlitImageInfo2 const &mipBlitInfo);
+
+    TransferContext(TransferContext &&other) noexcept;
+    TransferContext &operator=(TransferContext &&other) noexcept;
+
+    ~TransferContext() = default;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TransferContext);
+};
+
+class ComputeContext : public TransferContext
+{
+  protected:
+    friend RenderingDevice;
+    friend _internal::ComputeContextPool;
+
+    Pipeline const *m_PipelineInUse;
+
+    explicit ComputeContext(_internal::ContextPool &pool, vk::CommandBuffer const cmd)
+        : TransferContext{pool, cmd}
+        , m_PipelineInUse{nullptr}
+    {
+    }
+
+    void PushConstantBlock(usize offset, usize size, void const *data);
+
+    void Dispatch(Pipeline const &pipeline, u32 x, u32 y, u32 z, usize size, void *data);
+
+  public:
+    void BindPipeline(Pipeline const &pipeline);
+
+    void
+    PushConstantBlock(auto const &block)
+    {
+        if constexpr (sizeof block > 128)
+            WARN("Vulkan only guarantees 128 bytes of Push Constants. Size of PCB is {}", sizeof block);
+        PushConstantBlock(0, sizeof block, &block);
+    }
+
+    void
+    PushConstantBlock(usize const offset, auto const &block)
+    {
+        if (offset + sizeof block > 128)
+            WARN("Vulkan only guarantees 128 bytes of Push Constants. Size of PCB is {}, at offset {}", sizeof block,
+                 offset);
+        PushConstantBlock(offset, sizeof block, &block);
+    }
+
+    void
+    Dispatch(Pipeline const &pipeline, u32 const x, u32 const y, u32 const z, auto &pushConstantBlock)
+    {
+        if constexpr (sizeof pushConstantBlock > 128)
+            WARN("Vulkan only guarantees 128 bytes of Push Constants. Size of PCB is {}", sizeof pushConstantBlock);
+        Dispatch(pipeline, x, y, z, sizeof pushConstantBlock, &pushConstantBlock);
+    }
+};
+
+class GraphicsContext : public ComputeContext
+{
+  protected:
+    friend RenderingDevice;
+    friend _internal::GraphicsContextPool;
+
+    explicit GraphicsContext(_internal::ContextPool &pool, vk::CommandBuffer const cmd)
+        : ComputeContext{pool, cmd}
+    {
+    }
+
+  public:
+    DEPRECATE_RAW_CALLS void SetViewport(vk::Viewport const &viewport);
+    void BindVertexBuffer(Ref<VertexBuffer> const &vertexBuffer);
+    void BindIndexBuffer(Ref<IndexBuffer> const &indexBuffer);
+    void Draw(usize vertexCount);
+    void DrawIndexed(usize indexCount);
+    void DrawIndexed(usize indexCount, usize firstIndex, usize firstVertex);
+
+    DEPRECATE_RAW_CALLS void BeginRendering(vk::RenderingInfo const &renderingInfo);
+    void EndRendering();
+
+    DEPRECATE_RAW_CALLS vk::CommandBuffer
+    GetCommandBuffer() const
+    {
+        return m_Cmd;
+    }
+};
+
+namespace _internal
+{
+
+class ContextPool
+{
+  protected:
+    RenderingDevice *m_Device;
+    vk::CommandPool m_Pool;
+    eastl::vector<vk::CommandBuffer> m_CommandBuffers;
+    u32 m_BuffersAllocated;
+
+  public:
+    u16 m_ExtraData;
+
+    enum class ManagedBy : u8
+    {
+        eFrame,
+        eDevice,
+    } m_ManagedBy;
+
+  protected:
+    eastl::vector<Ref<Buffer>> m_OwnedBuffers;
+    eastl::vector<Ref<Image>> m_OwnedImages;
+    eastl::vector<Ref<ImageView>> m_OwnedImageViews;
+
+    vk::CommandBuffer AllocateCommandBuffer();
+
+  public:
+    [[nodiscard]] RenderingDevice &
+    GetDevice() const
+    {
+        assert(m_Device);
+        return *m_Device;
+    }
+
+    eastl::function<void(ContextPool &)> m_ResetCallback;
+
+    /// Keep the resource alive while the command buffers are acting.
+    void KeepAlive(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer);
+    /// Keep the resource alive while the command buffers are acting.
+    void KeepAlive(Ref<Image> const &image);
+    /// Keep the resource alive while the command buffers are acting.
+    void KeepAlive(Ref<ImageView> const &view);
+
+    Context CreateContext();
+
+    void Reset();
+
+    ContextPool() = default;
+    ContextPool(RenderingDevice &device, u32 queueFamilyIndex, ManagedBy managedBy);
+
+    ContextPool(ContextPool &&other) noexcept;
+    ContextPool &operator=(ContextPool &&other) noexcept;
+
+    bool
+    operator==(ContextPool const &other) const
+    {
+        return m_Pool == other.m_Pool;
+    }
+
+    ~ContextPool();
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ContextPool);
+};
+
+class TransferContextPool : public ContextPool
+{
+  public:
+    TransferContext CreateTransferContext();
+
+    TransferContextPool() = default;
+
+    TransferContextPool(RenderingDevice &device, u32 const queueFamilyIndex, ManagedBy const managedBy)
+        : ContextPool{device, queueFamilyIndex, managedBy}
+    {
+    }
+
+    TransferContextPool(TransferContextPool &&other) noexcept = default;
+    TransferContextPool &operator=(TransferContextPool &&other) noexcept = default;
+
+    ~TransferContextPool() = default;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TransferContextPool);
+};
+
+class ComputeContextPool : public TransferContextPool
+{
+  public:
+    ComputeContext CreateComputeContext();
+
+    ComputeContextPool() = default;
+
+    ComputeContextPool(RenderingDevice &device, u32 const queueFamilyIndex, ManagedBy const managedBy)
+        : TransferContextPool{device, queueFamilyIndex, managedBy}
+    {
+    }
+
+    ComputeContextPool(ComputeContextPool &&other) noexcept = default;
+    ComputeContextPool &operator=(ComputeContextPool &&other) noexcept = default;
+
+    ~ComputeContextPool() = default;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ComputeContextPool);
+};
+
+class GraphicsContextPool : public ComputeContextPool
+{
+  public:
+    GraphicsContext CreateGraphicsContext();
+
+    GraphicsContextPool() = default;
+
+    GraphicsContextPool(RenderingDevice &device, u32 const queueFamilyIndex, ManagedBy const managedBy)
+        : ComputeContextPool{device, queueFamilyIndex, managedBy}
+    {
+    }
+
+    GraphicsContextPool(GraphicsContextPool &&other) noexcept = default;
+    GraphicsContextPool &operator=(GraphicsContextPool &&other) noexcept = default;
+
+    ~GraphicsContextPool() = default;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(GraphicsContextPool);
+};
+
+template <std::derived_from<ContextPool> TContextPool>
+class OrderlessContextPool
+{
+    using ContextPoolType = TContextPool;
+
+    struct ContextListEntry : eastl::intrusive_list_node
+    {
+        ContextPoolType m_Pool;
+
+        bool
+        Contains(ContextPool const &other) const
+        {
+            return m_Pool == other;
+        }
+    };
+
+    using ContextListType = eastl::intrusive_list<ContextListEntry>;
+
+    RenderingDevice *m_Device;
+    memory::memory_pool<> m_ContextPoolEntryMemory;
+    ContextListType m_FreeContextPools;
+    ContextListType m_UsedContextPools;
+    u32 m_QueueFamilyIndex;
+
+    constexpr static usize ENTRY_SIZE = sizeof(ContextListEntry);
+    constexpr static usize ENTRIES_PER_BLOCK = 5;
+    constexpr static usize BLOCK_SIZE = ENTRIES_PER_BLOCK * ENTRY_SIZE;
+
+  public:
+    OrderlessContextPool()
+        : m_Device{nullptr}
+        , m_ContextPoolEntryMemory{ENTRY_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE}
+        , m_QueueFamilyIndex{0}
+    {
+    }
+
+    void
+    Init(RenderingDevice &device, u32 const queueFamilyIndex)
+    {
+        m_Device = &device;
+        m_QueueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndex;
+    }
+
+    TransferContext
+    CreateTransferContext()
+        requires std::derived_from<TContextPool, TransferContextPool>
+    {
+        if (!m_FreeContextPools.empty())
+        {
+            ContextListEntry &entry = m_FreeContextPools.back();
+            m_FreeContextPools.pop_back();
+            m_UsedContextPools.push_back(entry);
+
+            return entry.m_Pool.CreateTransferContext();
+        }
+
+        ContextListEntry &entry = *static_cast<ContextListEntry *>(m_ContextPoolEntryMemory.allocate_node());
+        auto pool = ContextPoolType{*m_Device, m_QueueFamilyIndex, ContextPool::ManagedBy::eDevice};
+        pool.m_ResetCallback = [this](ContextPool &resetPool) { this->ReleasePool(resetPool); };
+        new (&entry) ContextListEntry{
+            .m_Pool = eastl::move(pool),
+        };
+        m_UsedContextPools.push_back(entry);
+
+        return entry.m_Pool.CreateTransferContext();
+    }
+
+    ComputeContext
+    CreateComputeContext()
+        requires std::derived_from<TContextPool, ComputeContextPool>
+    {
+        if (!m_FreeContextPools.empty())
+        {
+            ContextListEntry &entry = m_FreeContextPools.back();
+            m_FreeContextPools.pop_back();
+            m_UsedContextPools.push_back(entry);
+
+            return entry.m_Pool.CreateComputeContext();
+        }
+
+        ContextListEntry &entry = *static_cast<ContextListEntry *>(m_ContextPoolEntryMemory.allocate_node());
+        auto pool = ContextPoolType{*m_Device, m_QueueFamilyIndex, ContextPool::ManagedBy::eDevice};
+        pool.m_ResetCallback = [this](ContextPool &resetPool) { this->ReleasePool(resetPool); };
+        new (&entry) ContextListEntry{
+            .m_Pool = eastl::move(pool),
+        };
+        m_UsedContextPools.push_back(entry);
+
+        return entry.m_Pool.CreateComputeContext();
+    }
+
+    void
+    ReleasePool(ContextPool &pool)
+    {
+        auto const found = eastl::find_if(m_UsedContextPools.begin(), m_UsedContextPools.end(),
+                                          [&pool](ContextListEntry const &v) { return v.Contains(pool); });
+        auto &v = *found;
+        ContextListType::remove(v);
+
+        pool.Reset();
+
+        m_FreeContextPools.push_back(v);
+    }
+
+    OrderlessContextPool(OrderlessContextPool &&other) noexcept
+        : m_Device{other.m_Device}
+        , m_ContextPoolEntryMemory{std::move(other.m_ContextPoolEntryMemory)}
+        , m_FreeContextPools{other.m_FreeContextPools}
+        , m_UsedContextPools{other.m_UsedContextPools}
+        , m_QueueFamilyIndex{other.m_QueueFamilyIndex}
+    {
+        other.m_FreeContextPools.clear();
+        other.m_UsedContextPools.clear();
+    }
+
+    OrderlessContextPool &
+    operator=(OrderlessContextPool &&other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+            return *this;
+        m_Device = other.m_Device;
+        m_ContextPoolEntryMemory = std::move(other.m_ContextPoolEntryMemory);
+        m_FreeContextPools = other.m_FreeContextPools;
+        other.m_FreeContextPools.clear();
+        m_UsedContextPools = other.m_UsedContextPools;
+        other.m_UsedContextPools.clear();
+        m_QueueFamilyIndex = other.m_QueueFamilyIndex;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    ~OrderlessContextPool()
+    {
+        for (auto &entry : m_FreeContextPools)
+        {
+            entry.m_Pool.~ContextPoolType();
+        }
+        for (auto &entry : m_UsedContextPools)
+        {
+            entry.m_Pool.~ContextPoolType();
+        }
+        // The allocations will 'wink' away.
+    }
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(OrderlessContextPool);
+};
+
+using OrderlessTransferContextPool = OrderlessContextPool<TransferContextPool>;
+using OrderlessComputeContextPool = OrderlessContextPool<ComputeContextPool>;
+
+} // namespace _internal
+} // namespace systems

aster/include/aster/systems/image_manager.h

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: image_manager.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "aster/aster.h"
-#include "aster/core/image.h"
-#include "manager.h"
-
-namespace systems
-{
-
-struct Texture2DCreateInfo
-{
-    vk::Format m_Format = vk::Format::eUndefined;
-    vk::Extent2D m_Extent = {};
-    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
-    bool m_IsSampled = true;
-    bool m_IsMipMapped = false;
-    bool m_IsStorage = false;
-};
-
-struct TextureCubeCreateInfo
-{
-    vk::Format m_Format = vk::Format::eUndefined;
-    u32 m_Side = 0;
-    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
-    bool m_IsSampled = true;
-    bool m_IsMipMapped = false;
-    bool m_IsStorage = false;
-};
-
-struct AttachmentCreateInfo
-{
-    vk::Format m_Format = vk::Format::eUndefined;
-    vk::Extent2D m_Extent = {};
-    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
-};
-
-struct DepthStencilImageCreateInfo
-{
-    vk::Extent2D m_Extent = {};
-    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
-};
-
-using ImageHandle = Handle<Image>;
-
-class ImageManager final : public Manager<Image>
-{
-  public:
-    ImageManager(const Device *device, const u32 maxCount, const u8 binding);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] Handle CreateTexture2D(const Texture2DCreateInfo &createInfo);
-    [[nodiscard]] Handle CreateTextureCube(const TextureCubeCreateInfo &createInfo);
-    [[nodiscard]] Handle CreateAttachment(const AttachmentCreateInfo &createInfo);
-    [[nodiscard]] Handle CreateDepthStencilImage(const DepthStencilImageCreateInfo &createInfo);
-};
-} // namespace systems

aster/include/aster/systems/manager.h

@@ -1,361 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: manager.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "aster/aster.h"
-#include "aster/core/type_traits.h"
-
-struct Device;
-
-template <concepts::RenderResource T>
-class Handle;
-
-template <concepts::RenderResource T>
-class Manager
-{
-    friend Handle<T>;
-
-  public:
-    using Type = T;
-    using Handle = Handle<Type>;
-    static_assert(sizeof(Handle) == sizeof(u32));
-    constexpr static u32 MAX_HANDLES = Handle::INDEX_MASK + 1;
-
-    /**
-     * Constructor for the Manager class template.
-     * @param device Device with which resources are created.
-     * @param maxCount Max number of resources that can be created (maxCount <= Handle::INDEX_MASK)
-     * @param binding The shader binding at which this manager will bind its resources.
-     */
-    explicit Manager(const Device *device, const u32 maxCount, const u8 binding)
-        : m_MaxCount{maxCount}
-        , m_Binding{binding}
-        , m_Device{device}
-    {
-        assert(!m_Instance);
-        assert(maxCount <= MAX_HANDLES);
-
-        m_Data = new Type[m_MaxCount];
-        m_RefCount = new std::atomic<u32>[m_MaxCount];
-
-        for (u32 i = 0; i < m_MaxCount; ++i)
-        {
-            *Recast<u32 *>(&m_Data[i]) = (i + 1);
-        }
-
-        m_Instance = this;
-    }
-
-    virtual ~Manager()
-    {
-        if (!m_Data)
-            return;
-
-        for (u32 i = 0; i < m_MaxCount; ++i)
-        {
-            m_Data[i].Destroy(m_Device);
-        }
-
-        delete[] m_Data;
-        delete[] m_RefCount;
-        m_Data = nullptr;
-        m_RefCount = nullptr;
-        m_MaxCount = 0;
-        m_FreeHead = 0;
-        m_Device = nullptr;
-
-        m_Instance = nullptr;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @warning only to be used internally.
-     * @return The only constructed instance of this manager.
-     */
-    static Manager *
-    Instance()
-    {
-        assert(m_Instance);
-        return m_Instance;
-    }
-
-    PIN_MEMORY(Manager);
-
-  private:
-    Type *m_Data = nullptr;                 // Data also keeps the freelist during 'not use'.
-    std::atomic<u32> *m_RefCount = nullptr; // Associated reference count for each of the instances in Data.
-    u32 m_MaxCount = 0;                     // Max number of resources supported.
-    u32 m_FreeHead = 0;
-    u8 m_Binding = 0;
-
-    static Manager *m_Instance;
-
-    /**
-     * User is expected to type-check.
-     * @param index Actual index of the resource in the m_Data array. Not type checked.
-     */
-    void
-    AddRef(const u32 index)
-    {
-        assert(index < m_MaxCount);
-        ++m_RefCount[index];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * User is expected to type-check.
-     * @param index Actual index of the resource in the m_Data array. Not type checked.
-     */
-    void
-    Release(const u32 index)
-    {
-        assert(index < m_MaxCount);
-        const u32 rc = --m_RefCount[index];
-        assert(rc != MaxValue<u32>);
-        if (rc == 0)
-        {
-            // TODO: Don't destroy here. Separate out to a cleanup routine.
-            m_Data[index].Destroy(m_Device);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * User is expected to type-check.
-     * @param index Actual index of the resource in the m_Data array. Not type checked.
-     * @return Pointer to the resource at the index.
-     */
-    Type *
-    Fetch(const u32 index)
-    {
-        assert(index < m_MaxCount);
-        return &m_Data[index];
-    }
-
-  protected:
-    const Device *m_Device;
-
-    /**
-     * Internal Method to Allocate a resource on the manager.
-     * @return [Handle, Type*] Where Type* is available to initialize the resource.
-     */
-    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<Handle, Type *>
-    Alloc()
-    {
-        ERROR_IF(m_FreeHead >= m_MaxCount, "Max buffers allocated.") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-
-        const auto index = m_FreeHead;
-        Type *pAlloc = &m_Data[index];
-        m_FreeHead = *Recast<u32 *>(pAlloc);
-        return {Handle{index, m_Binding}, pAlloc};
-    }
-};
-
-template <concepts::RenderResource T>
-class Ref
-{
-  public:
-    using Type = T;
-    using Handle = Handle<Type>;
-    using Manager = Manager<Type>;
-
-  protected:
-    Handle m_Handle;
-    Type *m_Pointer = nullptr;
-
-    friend Handle;
-
-    void
-    InitPtr()
-    {
-        m_Pointer = m_Handle.Fetch();
-    }
-
-  public:
-    Type *
-    Get()
-    {
-        assert(m_Pointer);
-        return m_Pointer;
-    }
-
-    const Type *
-    Get() const
-    {
-        assert(m_Pointer);
-        return m_Pointer;
-    }
-
-    Type *
-    operator->()
-    {
-        return Get();
-    }
-
-    const Type *
-    operator->() const
-    {
-        return Get();
-    }
-
-    Type &
-    operator*()
-    {
-        return *Get();
-    }
-
-    const Type &
-    operator*() const
-    {
-        return Get();
-    }
-
-    // The only constructor requires a valid construction.
-    explicit Ref(Handle &&handle)
-        : m_Handle{std::forward<Handle>(handle)}
-    {
-        InitPtr();
-    }
-
-    // The only constructor requires a valid construction.
-    explicit Ref(const Handle &&handle)
-        : m_Handle{handle}
-    {
-        InitPtr();
-    }
-
-    Ref(const Ref &other) = default;
-    Ref(Ref &&other) noexcept = default;
-    Ref &operator=(const Ref &other) = default;
-    Ref &operator=(Ref &&other) noexcept = default;
-    ~Ref() = default;
-};
-
-class RawHandle
-{
-  protected:
-    constexpr static u32 INVALID_HANDLE = MaxValue<u32>;
-    constexpr static u32 INDEX_MASK = 0x0FFFFFFF;
-    constexpr static u32 TYPE_MASK = ~INDEX_MASK;
-    constexpr static u32 TYPE_OFFSET = GetMaskOffset(TYPE_MASK);
-    u32 m_Internal = INVALID_HANDLE;
-
-    RawHandle(const u32 index, const u8 typeId)
-        : m_Internal{(index & INDEX_MASK) | (typeId & TYPE_MASK)}
-    {
-    }
-
-    explicit RawHandle(const u32 internal)
-        : m_Internal{internal}
-    {
-    }
-
-  public:
-
-    [[nodiscard]] bool
-    IsValid() const
-    {
-        return m_Internal != INVALID_HANDLE;
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] u32
-    GetIndex() const
-    {
-        return m_Internal & INDEX_MASK;
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] u32
-    GetType() const
-    {
-        return (m_Internal & TYPE_MASK) >> TYPE_OFFSET;
-    }
-
-    bool
-    operator==(const RawHandle &other) const
-    {
-        return m_Internal == other.m_Internal;
-    }
-};
-
-template <concepts::RenderResource T>
-class Handle : public RawHandle
-{
-  public:
-    using Type = T;
-    using Manager = Manager<Type>;
-
-  protected:
-    // The only constructor requires a valid construction.
-    Handle(const u32 index, const u8 typeId)
-        : RawHandle{index, typeId}
-    {
-        AddRef();
-    }
-
-    friend Manager;
-    friend Ref<T>;
-
-  public:
-    Handle(const Handle &other)
-        : RawHandle{other}
-    {
-        AddRef();
-    }
-
-    Handle(Handle &&other) noexcept
-        : RawHandle{std::exchange(other.m_Internal, m_Internal)}
-    {
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] Ref<T>
-    ToPointer()
-    {
-        return Ref{std::move(*this)};
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] Type *
-    Fetch() const
-    {
-        return Manager::Instance()->Fetch(m_Internal);
-    }
-
-    Handle &
-    operator=(const Handle &other)
-    {
-        if (this == &other)
-            return *this;
-        m_Internal = other.m_Internal;
-        AddRef();
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    Handle &
-    operator=(Handle &&other) noexcept
-    {
-        if (this == &other)
-            return *this;
-        std::swap(m_Internal, other.m_Internal);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    ~Handle()
-    {
-        if (m_Internal != INVALID_HANDLE)
-        {
-            Release();
-        }
-    }
-
-  protected:
-    void
-    AddRef()
-    {
-        Manager::Instance()->AddRef(GetIndex());
-    }
-
-    void
-    Release()
-    {
-        Manager::Instance()->Release(GetIndex());
-    }
-};

aster/include/aster/systems/pipeline_helpers.h

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: pipeline_helpers.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <aster/aster.h>
+
+#include <EASTL/vector.h>
+#include <slang.h>
+#include <variant>
+
+namespace systems
+{
+class RenderingDevice;
+
+struct PipelineCreationError
+{
+    std::variant<std::monostate, vk::Result, SlangResult> m_Data;
+
+    std::string What();
+    i32 Value();
+
+    operator bool() const;
+
+    PipelineCreationError(vk::Result res);
+    PipelineCreationError(SlangResult res);
+    PipelineCreationError();
+};
+
+vk::ShaderStageFlagBits SlangToVulkanShaderStage(SlangStage stage);
+
+namespace _internal
+{
+struct PipelineLayoutBuilder
+{
+    RenderingDevice *m_Device;
+    eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> m_DescriptorSetLayouts;
+    eastl::vector<vk::PushConstantRange> m_PushConstants;
+    vk::ShaderStageFlags m_Stage;
+
+    explicit PipelineLayoutBuilder(RenderingDevice *device, vk::DescriptorSetLayout bindlessLayout = {});
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::PipelineLayout Build();
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::DescriptorSetLayout
+    CreateDescriptorSetLayout(vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo const &createInfo) const;
+    void AddDescriptorSetForParameterBlock(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout);
+    void AddPushConstantRangeForConstantBuffer(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout);
+    void AddSubObjectRange(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout, i64 subObjectRangeIndex);
+    void AddSubObjectRanges(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout);
+};
+
+struct DescriptorLayoutBuilder
+{
+    PipelineLayoutBuilder *m_PipelineLayoutBuilder;
+    eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> m_LayoutBindings;
+    u32 m_SetIndex;
+
+    vk::ShaderStageFlags &Stage() const;
+    explicit DescriptorLayoutBuilder(PipelineLayoutBuilder *pipelineLayoutBuilder);
+
+    void AddGlobalScopeParameters(slang::ProgramLayout *layout);
+    void AddEntryPointParameters(slang::ProgramLayout *layout);
+    void AddEntryPointParameters(slang::EntryPointLayout *layout);
+    void AddAutomaticallyIntroducedUniformBuffer();
+    void AddRanges(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout);
+    void AddRangesForParamBlockElement(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout);
+    void AddDescriptorRange(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout, i64 relativeSetIndex, i64 rangeIndex);
+    void AddDescriptorRanges(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout);
+    void Build();
+};
+} // namespace _internal
+} // namespace systems

aster/include/aster/systems/render_resource_manager.h

@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: render_resource_manager.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "aster/aster.h"
-#include "buffer_manager.h"
-#include "image_manager.h"
-
-#include "EASTL/deque.h"
-#include "EASTL/vector.h"
-
-namespace systems
-{
-
-class RenderResourceManager
-{
-  private:
-    union WriteInfo {
-        vk::DescriptorBufferInfo uBufferInfo;
-        vk::DescriptorImageInfo uImageInfo;
-        vk::BufferView uBufferView;
-
-        explicit WriteInfo(const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo &info);
-        explicit WriteInfo(const vk::DescriptorImageInfo &info);
-        explicit WriteInfo(const vk::BufferView &info);
-    };
-
-    using WriteCommand = vk::WriteDescriptorSet;
-
-    union WriteOwner {
-        Handle<Buffer> uBufferHandle;
-        Handle<Image> uImageHandle;
-
-        explicit WriteOwner(const Handle<Buffer> &handle);
-        explicit WriteOwner(const Handle<Image> &handle);
-
-        WriteOwner(const WriteOwner &other)
-        {
-            switch (uRawHandle.GetType())
-            {
-            case BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uBufferHandle = other.uBufferHandle;
-                break;
-            case IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uImageHandle = other.uImageHandle;
-                break;
-            default:
-                ERROR("Invalid Handle type.") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-            }
-        }
-
-        WriteOwner(WriteOwner &&other) noexcept
-        {
-            switch (uRawHandle.GetType())
-            {
-            case BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uBufferHandle = std::move(other.uBufferHandle);
-                break;
-            case IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uImageHandle = std::move(other.uImageHandle);
-                break;
-            default:
-                ERROR("Invalid Handle type.") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-            }
-        }
-
-        WriteOwner &
-        operator=(const WriteOwner &other)
-        {
-            if (this == &other)
-                return *this;
-
-            switch (uRawHandle.GetType())
-            {
-            case BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uBufferHandle = other.uBufferHandle;
-                break;
-            case IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uImageHandle = other.uImageHandle;
-                break;
-            default:
-                ERROR("Invalid Handle type.") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-            }
-
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        WriteOwner &
-        operator=(WriteOwner &&other) noexcept
-        {
-            if (this == &other)
-                return *this;
-
-            switch (uRawHandle.GetType())
-            {
-            case BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uBufferHandle = std::move(other.uBufferHandle);
-                break;
-            case IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uImageHandle = std::move(other.uImageHandle);
-                break;
-            default:
-                ERROR("Invalid Handle type.") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-            }
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        ~WriteOwner()
-        {
-            switch (uRawHandle.GetType())
-            {
-            case BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uBufferHandle.~Handle();
-                return;
-            case IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX:
-                uImageHandle.~Handle();
-                return;
-            default:
-                ERROR("Invalid Handle type.") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-            }
-        }
-
-      private:
-        RawHandle uRawHandle;
-    };
-
-  public:
-    RenderResourceManager(const Device *device, u32 maxBuffers, u32 maxImages);
-
-    void Commit(concepts::HandleType auto &handle);
-
-  private:
-    BufferManager m_BufferManager;
-    ImageManager m_ImageManager;
-
-    vk::DescriptorPool m_DescriptorPool;
-    vk::DescriptorSetLayout m_SetLayout;
-    vk::DescriptorSet m_DescriptorSet;
-
-    constexpr static u8 BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX = 0;
-    constexpr static u8 IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX = 1;
-
-    eastl::vector<vk::WriteDescriptorSet> m_Writes;
-    eastl::deque<WriteInfo> m_WriteInfos;
-    eastl::vector<WriteOwner> m_WriteOwner;
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    usize m_CommitedBufferCount = 0;
-    usize m_CommitedTextureCount = 0;
-    usize m_CommitedStorageTextureCount = 0;
-#endif
-};
-
-} // namespace systems

aster/include/aster/systems/rendering_device.h

@@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
+// =============================================
+// Aster: rendering_device.h
+// Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "context.h"
+#include "pipeline_helpers.h"
+#include "resource.h"
+
+#include "aster/aster.h"
+#include "aster/core/buffer.h"
+#include "aster/core/device.h"
+#include "aster/core/image.h"
+#include "aster/core/image_view.h"
+#include "aster/core/instance.h"
+#include "aster/core/physical_device.h"
+#include "aster/core/pipeline.h"
+#include "aster/core/sampler.h"
+#include "aster/core/size.h"
+#include "aster/core/swapchain.h"
+
+#include <EASTL/hash_map.h>
+#include <EASTL/optional.h>
+#include <EASTL/variant.h>
+
+#include <slang-com-ptr.h>
+#include <slang.h>
+
+constexpr static u32 MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 3;
+
+struct Window;
+
+template <>
+struct eastl::hash<vk::SamplerCreateInfo>
+{
+    usize
+    operator()(vk::SamplerCreateInfo const &createInfo) const noexcept
+    {
+        usize hash = HashAny(createInfo.flags);
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.magFilter));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.minFilter));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.mipmapMode));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.addressModeU));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.addressModeV));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.addressModeW));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(static_cast<usize>(createInfo.mipLodBias * 1000))); // Resolution of 10^-3
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.anisotropyEnable));
+        hash = HashCombine(
+            hash,
+            HashAny(static_cast<usize>(createInfo.maxAnisotropy * 0x20))); // 32:1 Anisotropy is enough resolution
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.compareEnable));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.compareOp));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(static_cast<usize>(createInfo.minLod * 1000))); // 0.001 resolution is enough.
+        hash = HashCombine(
+            hash,
+            HashAny(static_cast<usize>(createInfo.maxLod * 1000))); // 0.001 resolution is enough. (1 == NO Clamp)
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.borderColor));
+        hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates));
+
+        return hash;
+    }
+};
+
+namespace systems
+{
+
+// ====================================================================================================
+#pragma region Creation Structs
+// ====================================================================================================
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#pragma region Image
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct Texture2DCreateInfo
+{
+    vk::Format m_Format = vk::Format::eUndefined;
+    vk::Extent2D m_Extent = {};
+    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
+    bool m_IsSampled = true;
+    bool m_IsMipMapped = false;
+    bool m_IsStorage = false;
+};
+
+struct TextureCubeCreateInfo
+{
+    vk::Format m_Format = vk::Format::eUndefined;
+    u32 m_Side = 0;
+    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
+    bool m_IsSampled = true;
+    bool m_IsMipMapped = false;
+    bool m_IsStorage = false;
+};
+
+struct AttachmentCreateInfo
+{
+    vk::Format m_Format = vk::Format::eUndefined;
+    vk::Extent2D m_Extent = {};
+    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
+};
+
+struct DepthStencilImageCreateInfo
+{
+    vk::Extent2D m_Extent = {};
+    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
+};
+
+#pragma endregion
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#pragma region View
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <concepts::AnyImage TImage>
+struct ViewCreateInfo
+{
+    using ImageType = TImage;
+
+    Ref<ImageType> m_Image;
+    cstr m_Name;
+    vk::ImageViewType m_ViewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D;
+    vk::ComponentMapping m_Components = {};
+    vk::ImageAspectFlags m_AspectMask = {};
+    eastl::optional<u8> m_MipLevelCount = eastl::nullopt;
+    eastl::optional<u8> m_LayerCount = eastl::nullopt;
+    u8 m_BaseMipLevel = 0;
+    u8 m_BaseLayer = 0;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] u8
+    GetMipLevelCount() const
+    {
+        return m_MipLevelCount.value_or(m_Image->m_MipLevels - m_BaseMipLevel);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] u8
+    GetLayerCount() const
+    {
+        return m_LayerCount.value_or(m_Image->m_LayerCount - m_BaseLayer);
+    }
+
+    explicit
+    operator vk::ImageViewCreateInfo() const
+    {
+        return {
+            .image = m_Image->m_Image,
+            .viewType = m_ViewType,
+            .format = m_Image->m_Format,
+            .components = m_Components,
+            .subresourceRange =
+                {
+                    .aspectMask = m_AspectMask,
+                    .baseMipLevel = m_BaseMipLevel,
+                    .levelCount = GetMipLevelCount(),
+                    .baseArrayLayer = m_BaseLayer,
+                    .layerCount = GetLayerCount(),
+                },
+        };
+    }
+
+    explicit
+    operator ViewCreateInfo<Image>() const
+    {
+        return {
+            .m_Image = CastImage<Image>(m_Image),
+            .m_Name = m_Name,
+            .m_ViewType = m_ViewType,
+            .m_Components = m_Components,
+            .m_AspectMask = m_AspectMask,
+            .m_MipLevelCount = m_MipLevelCount,
+            .m_LayerCount = m_LayerCount,
+            .m_BaseMipLevel = m_BaseMipLevel,
+            .m_BaseLayer = m_BaseLayer,
+        };
+    }
+};
+#pragma endregion
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#pragma region Sampler
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct SamplerCreateInfo
+{
+    cstr m_Name = nullptr;
+    vk::SamplerCreateFlags m_Flags = {};
+    vk::Filter m_MagFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear;
+    vk::Filter m_MinFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear;
+    vk::SamplerMipmapMode m_MipmapMode = vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eLinear;
+    vk::SamplerAddressMode m_AddressModeU = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat;
+    vk::SamplerAddressMode m_AddressModeV = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat;
+    vk::SamplerAddressMode m_AddressModeW = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat;
+    vk::BorderColor m_BorderColor = vk::BorderColor::eFloatOpaqueBlack;
+    vk::CompareOp m_CompareOp = vk::CompareOp::eNever;
+    f32 m_MipLodBias = 0.0f;
+    f32 m_MaxAnisotropy = 16.0f;
+    f32 m_MinLod = 0;
+    f32 m_MaxLod = VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE;
+    bool m_AnisotropyEnable = true;
+    bool m_CompareEnable = false;
+    bool m_NormalizedCoordinates = true;
+
+    explicit
+    operator vk::SamplerCreateInfo() const
+    {
+        return {
+            .flags = m_Flags,
+            .magFilter = m_MagFilter,
+            .minFilter = m_MinFilter,
+            .mipmapMode = m_MipmapMode,
+            .addressModeU = m_AddressModeU,
+            .addressModeV = m_AddressModeV,
+            .addressModeW = m_AddressModeW,
+            .mipLodBias = m_MipLodBias,
+            .anisotropyEnable = m_AnisotropyEnable,
+            .maxAnisotropy = m_MaxAnisotropy,
+            .compareEnable = m_CompareEnable,
+            .compareOp = m_CompareOp,
+            .minLod = m_MinLod,
+            .maxLod = m_MaxLod,
+            .borderColor = m_BorderColor,
+            .unnormalizedCoordinates = !m_NormalizedCoordinates,
+        };
+    }
+};
+
+#pragma endregion
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#pragma region Pipeline
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct AttributeInfo
+{
+    u32 m_Location;
+    u32 m_Offset;
+
+    enum class Format
+    {
+        eFloat32X4,
+        eFloat32X3,
+        eFloat32X2,
+        eFloat32,
+    } m_Format;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::Format
+    GetFormat() const
+    {
+        switch (m_Format)
+        {
+        case Format::eFloat32X4:
+            return vk::Format::eR32G32B32A32Sfloat;
+        case Format::eFloat32X3:
+            return vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat;
+        case Format::eFloat32X2:
+            return vk::Format::eR32G32Sfloat;
+        case Format::eFloat32:
+            return vk::Format::eR32Sfloat;
+        }
+        return vk::Format::eUndefined;
+    }
+};
+
+struct VertexInput
+{
+    eastl::vector<AttributeInfo> m_Attribute;
+    u32 m_Stride;
+    bool m_IsPerInstance;
+};
+
+enum class ShaderType
+{
+    eInvalid = 0,
+    eVertex = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
+    eTesselationControl = VK_SHADER_STAGE_TESSELLATION_CONTROL_BIT,
+    eTesselationEvaluation = VK_SHADER_STAGE_TESSELLATION_EVALUATION_BIT,
+    eGeometry = VK_SHADER_STAGE_GEOMETRY_BIT,
+    eFragment = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
+    eCompute = VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT,
+    eTask = VK_SHADER_STAGE_TASK_BIT_EXT,
+    eMesh = VK_SHADER_STAGE_MESH_BIT_EXT,
+    eMax,
+};
+
+constexpr static u32 ShaderTypeCount = 8;
+
+static_assert(static_cast<u32>(ShaderType::eMax) == 1 + (1 << (ShaderTypeCount - 1)));
+
+struct ShaderInfo
+{
+    std::string_view m_ShaderFile;
+    eastl::vector<std::string_view> m_EntryPoints;
+};
+
+struct GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo
+{
+    enum class DepthTest
+    {
+        eEnabled,
+        eReadOnly,
+        eDisabled,
+    };
+
+    enum class CompareOp
+    {
+        eNever = 0x0,
+        eLessThan = 0x1,
+        eEqualTo = 0x2,
+        eGreaterThan = 0x4,
+        eLessThanOrEqualTo = eLessThan | eEqualTo,
+        eGreaterThanOrEqualTo = eGreaterThan | eEqualTo,
+        eNotEqualTo = eLessThan | eGreaterThan,
+        eAlways = eLessThan | eEqualTo | eGreaterThan,
+    };
+
+    eastl::fixed_vector<VertexInput, 4, false> m_VertexInputs;
+    eastl::fixed_vector<ShaderInfo, 4, false> m_Shaders;
+
+    DepthTest m_DepthTest = DepthTest::eEnabled;
+    CompareOp m_DepthOp = CompareOp::eLessThan;
+
+    cstr m_Name;
+
+  private:
+    friend RenderingDevice;
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo GetDepthStencilStateCreateInfo() const;
+};
+
+struct ComputePipelineCreateInfo
+{
+    ShaderInfo m_Shader;
+    cstr m_Name;
+};
+
+#pragma endregion
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#pragma region Device
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PhysicalDevice DefaultPhysicalDeviceSelector(PhysicalDevices const &physicalDevices);
+
+using PhysicalDeviceSelectorFn = PhysicalDevice (*)(PhysicalDevices const &);
+static_assert(std::convertible_to<decltype(DefaultPhysicalDeviceSelector), PhysicalDeviceSelectorFn>);
+
+struct DeviceCreateInfo
+{
+    std::reference_wrapper<Window> m_Window;
+    Features m_Features;
+    cstr m_AppName = "Aster App";
+    Version m_AppVersion = {0, 1, 0};
+    PhysicalDeviceSelectorFn m_PhysicalDeviceSelector = DefaultPhysicalDeviceSelector;
+    std::span<u8> m_PipelineCacheData = {};
+    eastl::vector<cstr> m_ShaderSearchPaths;
+    bool m_UseBindless = true;
+    cstr m_Name = "Primary";
+};
+
+#pragma endregion
+
+#pragma endregion
+
+namespace _internal
+{
+class SyncServer;
+}
+
+class Receipt
+{
+    void *m_Opaque;
+
+    explicit Receipt(void *opaque)
+        : m_Opaque{opaque}
+    {
+    }
+
+    friend _internal::SyncServer;
+};
+
+struct Frame
+{
+    // Persistent
+    RenderingDevice *m_Device;
+
+    // TODO: ThreadSafe
+    _internal::GraphicsContextPool m_PrimaryPool;
+    _internal::TransferContextPool m_AsyncTransferPool;
+    _internal::ComputeContextPool m_AsyncComputePool;
+
+    vk::Fence m_FrameAvailableFence;
+    vk::Semaphore m_ImageAcquireSem;
+    vk::Semaphore m_RenderFinishSem;
+    u32 m_FrameIdx;
+
+    // Transient
+    vk::Image m_SwapchainImage;
+    vk::ImageView m_SwapchainImageView;
+    Size2D m_SwapchainSize;
+    u32 m_ImageIdx;
+
+    void Reset(u32 imageIdx, vk::Image swapchainImage, vk::ImageView swapchainImageView, Size2D swapchainSize);
+    GraphicsContext CreateGraphicsContext();
+    TransferContext CreateAsyncTransferContext();
+    ComputeContext CreateAsyncComputeContext();
+    void WaitUntilReady();
+
+    Frame() = default;
+    Frame(RenderingDevice &device, u32 frameIndex, u32 primaryQueueFamily, u32 asyncTransferQueue,
+          u32 asyncComputeQueue);
+    Frame(Frame &&other) noexcept;
+
+    Frame &operator=(Frame &&other) noexcept;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Frame);
+
+    ~Frame() = default;
+};
+
+class CommitManager;
+
+class RenderingDevice final
+{
+  public: // TODO: Temp
+    std::reference_wrapper<Window> m_Window;
+    Instance m_Instance;
+    Surface m_Surface;
+    Device m_Device;
+    Swapchain m_Swapchain;
+    std::unique_ptr<CommitManager> m_CommitManager;
+
+    // TODO: This is single-threaded.
+    vk::Queue m_PrimaryQueue;
+    u32 m_PrimaryQueueFamily;
+
+    vk::Queue m_TransferQueue;
+    u32 m_TransferQueueFamily;
+
+    vk::Queue m_ComputeQueue;
+    u32 m_ComputeQueueFamily;
+
+    _internal::OrderlessTransferContextPool m_TransferContextPool;
+    _internal::OrderlessComputeContextPool m_ComputeContextPool;
+
+    std::array<Frame, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> m_Frames;
+    u32 m_CurrentFrameIdx = 0;
+
+  public:
+    // ====================================================================================================
+    // Resource Management
+    // ====================================================================================================
+
+    //
+    // Buffer Management
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<StorageBuffer> CreateStorageBuffer(usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<IndexBuffer> CreateIndexBuffer(usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<UniformBuffer> CreateUniformBuffer(usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<StagingBuffer> CreateStagingBuffer(usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<VertexBuffer> CreateVertexBuffer(usize size, cstr name = nullptr);
+
+    //
+    // Image Management
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    template <concepts::ImageInto<Texture> T>
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<T>
+    CreateTexture2D(Texture2DCreateInfo const &createInfo)
+    {
+        return CastImage<T>(CreateTexture2D(createInfo));
+    }
+
+    template <concepts::ImageInto<TextureCube> T>
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<T>
+    CreateTextureCube(TextureCubeCreateInfo const &createInfo)
+    {
+        return CastImage<T>(CreateTextureCube(createInfo));
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<Image> CreateTexture2D(Texture2DCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<ImageCube> CreateTextureCube(TextureCubeCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<Image> CreateAttachment(AttachmentCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<Image> CreateDepthStencilImage(DepthStencilImageCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+
+    //
+    // View Management
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    template <concepts::View TImageView>
+    Ref<TImageView>
+    CreateView(ViewCreateInfo<typename TImageView::ImageType> const &createInfo)
+    {
+        return CastView<TImageView>(CreateView(ViewCreateInfo<Image>(createInfo)));
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<ImageView> CreateView(ViewCreateInfo<Image> const &createInfo);
+
+    //
+    // Image - View Combined Management
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    template <concepts::ViewTo<Image> T>
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<T>
+    CreateTexture2DWithView(Texture2DCreateInfo const &createInfo)
+    {
+        auto handle = CreateTexture2DWithView(createInfo);
+        return CastView<T>(handle);
+    }
+
+    template <concepts::ViewTo<ImageCube> T>
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<T>
+    CreateTextureCubeWithView(TextureCubeCreateInfo const &createInfo)
+    {
+        auto handle = CreateTextureCubeWithView(createInfo);
+        return CastView<T>(handle);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<TextureView> CreateTexture2DWithView(Texture2DCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<ImageCubeView> CreateTextureCubeWithView(TextureCubeCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<ImageView> CreateAttachmentWithView(AttachmentCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+    [[nodiscard]] Ref<ImageView> CreateDepthStencilImageWithView(DepthStencilImageCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+
+    //
+    // Sampler Management
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  private:
+    eastl::hash_map<vk::SamplerCreateInfo, WeakRef<Sampler>> m_HashToSamplerIdx;
+
+  public:
+    Ref<Sampler> CreateSampler(SamplerCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+
+    //
+    // Pipeline
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    // TODO: Cache shader modules for reuse. Time to move to `slang`
+  private:
+    Slang::ComPtr<slang::IGlobalSession> m_GlobalSlangSession;
+    Slang::ComPtr<slang::ISession> m_SlangSession;
+
+    PipelineCreationError
+    CreateShaders(eastl::fixed_vector<vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, ShaderTypeCount, false> &shadersOut,
+                  Slang::ComPtr<slang::IComponentType> &program, std::span<ShaderInfo const> const &shaders);
+    PipelineCreationError
+    CreatePipelineLayout(vk::PipelineLayout &pipelineLayout, Slang::ComPtr<slang::IComponentType> const &program);
+
+  public:
+    // Pipelines, unlike the other resources, are not ref-counted.
+    PipelineCreationError CreateGraphicsPipeline(Pipeline &pipeline, GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+    PipelineCreationError CreateComputePipeline(Pipeline &pipeline, ComputePipelineCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+
+    //
+    // Frames
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  public:
+    Frame &GetNextFrame();
+
+    Size2D
+    GetSwapchainSize() const
+    {
+        return {m_Swapchain.m_Extent.width, m_Swapchain.m_Extent.height};
+    }
+
+    void
+    RegisterResizeCallback(Swapchain::FnResizeCallback &&callback)
+    {
+        m_Swapchain.RegisterResizeCallback(eastl::forward<Swapchain::FnResizeCallback>(callback));
+    }
+
+    void Present(Frame &frame, GraphicsContext &graphicsContext);
+
+    //
+    // Context
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    friend Context;
+    friend GraphicsContext;
+    friend TransferContext;
+
+    TransferContext CreateTransferContext();
+    ComputeContext CreateComputeContext();
+    Receipt Submit(Context &context);
+
+    //
+    // Sync
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    std::unique_ptr<_internal::SyncServer> m_SyncServer;
+    void WaitOn(Receipt recpt);
+
+    //
+    // RenderingDevice Methods
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    template <concepts::VkHandle T>
+    void
+    SetName(T const &object, cstr name) const
+    {
+        m_Device.SetName(object, name);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::Queue
+    GetQueue(u32 const familyIndex, u32 const queueIndex) const
+    {
+        return m_Device.GetQueue(familyIndex, queueIndex);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] eastl::vector<u8>
+    DumpPipelineCache() const
+    {
+        return m_Device.DumpPipelineCache();
+    }
+
+    void
+    WaitIdle() const
+    {
+        m_Device.WaitIdle();
+    }
+
+    // Inner
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Device &
+    GetInner()
+    {
+        return m_Device;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] vk::Device &
+    GetHandle()
+    {
+        return m_Device.m_Device;
+    }
+
+    // Ctor/Dtor
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    explicit RenderingDevice(DeviceCreateInfo const &createInfo);
+
+    ~RenderingDevice();
+
+    PIN_MEMORY(RenderingDevice);
+};
+
+} // namespace systems

aster/include/aster/systems/resource.h

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: resource.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "aster/core/buffer.h"
+#include "aster/core/image.h"
+#include "aster/core/image_view.h"
+
+#include <EASTL/intrusive_ptr.h>
+
+namespace systems
+{
+
+// ====================================================================================================
+#pragma region Util Methods
+// ====================================================================================================
+
+#pragma region Buffer
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <std::derived_from<Buffer> TTo, std::derived_from<Buffer> TFrom>
+static Ref<TTo>
+CastBuffer(Ref<TFrom> const &from)
+{
+    if constexpr (not concepts::BufferInto<TFrom, TTo>)
+        assert(TTo::FLAGS & from->m_Flags);
+    return eastl::reinterpret_pointer_cast<TTo>(from);
+}
+
+#pragma endregion
+
+#pragma region Image
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <std::derived_from<Image> TTo, std::derived_from<Image> TFrom>
+static Ref<TTo>
+CastImage(Ref<TFrom> const &from)
+{
+    if constexpr (not concepts::ImageInto<TFrom, TTo>)
+        assert(TTo::FLAGS & from->m_Flags_);
+    return eastl::reinterpret_pointer_cast<TTo>(from);
+}
+#pragma endregion
+
+#pragma region View
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <concepts::View TTo, std::derived_from<Image> TFrom>
+static Ref<TTo>
+CastView(Ref<View<TFrom>> const &from)
+{
+    if constexpr (not concepts::ImageInto<TFrom, typename TTo::ImageType>)
+        assert(TTo::ImageType::FLAGS & from->m_Image->m_Flags_);
+    return eastl::reinterpret_pointer_cast<TTo>(from);
+}
+#pragma endregion
+
+#pragma endregion
+
+/**
+ * ResId manages the lifetime of the committed resource.
+ * @tparam T Type of the committed resource.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+class ResId
+{
+    using IdType = u32;
+
+  public:
+    constexpr static IdType INVALID = MaxValue<IdType>;
+
+  private:
+    IdType m_Index;
+    u32 m_Padding = 0; //< Slang DescriptorHandle are a pair of u32. TODO: Use as validation.
+
+    explicit ResId(IdType const index)
+        : m_Index{index}
+    {
+        AddRef();
+    }
+
+    friend class CommitManager;
+
+  public:
+    static ResId
+    Null()
+    {
+        return ResId{INVALID};
+    }
+
+    ResId(ResId const &other)
+        : m_Index{other.m_Index}
+    {
+        AddRef();
+    }
+
+    ResId(ResId &&other) noexcept
+        : m_Index{other.m_Index}
+    {
+        AddRef();
+    }
+
+    ResId &
+    operator=(ResId const &other)
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+            return *this;
+        m_Index = other.m_Index;
+        AddRef();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    ResId &
+    operator=(ResId &&other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+            return *this;
+        m_Index = other.m_Index;
+        AddRef();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    ~ResId()
+    {
+        Release();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void AddRef() const;  ///< Increases the refcount in the CommitManager.
+    void Release() const; ///< Decreases the refcount in the CommitManager.
+};
+
+struct NullId
+{
+    template <typename T>
+    operator ResId<T>()
+    {
+        return ResId<T>::Null();
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace systems

aster/include/aster/systems/sync_server.h

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: sync_server.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#include "aster/aster.h"
+#include "context.h"
+
+#include <EASTL/deque.h>
+#include <EASTL/intrusive_list.h>
+
+namespace systems
+{
+class Receipt;
+class RenderingDevice;
+} // namespace systems
+
+namespace systems::_internal
+{
+struct TimelinePoint
+{
+    u64 m_WaitValue;
+    u64 m_NextValue;
+};
+
+class SyncServer
+{
+    struct Entry : eastl::intrusive_list_node
+    {
+        vk::Semaphore m_Semaphore;
+        TimelinePoint m_CurrentPoint;
+        ContextPool *m_AttachedPool;
+
+        explicit Entry(RenderingDevice &device);
+        void Destroy(RenderingDevice &device);
+        void Wait(RenderingDevice &device);
+        void Next();
+        void AttachPool(ContextPool *pool);
+
+        Entry(Entry &&) = default;
+        Entry &operator=(Entry &&) = default;
+
+        ~Entry() = default;
+
+        DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Entry);
+    };
+
+    RenderingDevice *m_Device;
+    eastl::deque<Entry> m_Allocations;
+    eastl::intrusive_list<Entry> m_FreeList;
+
+  public:
+    Receipt Allocate();
+    void Free(Receipt);
+
+    void WaitOn(Receipt);
+
+  private:
+    static Entry &GetEntry(Receipt receipt);
+
+    // Inner Alloc/Free functions.
+    Entry &AllocateEntry();
+    void FreeEntry(Entry &entry);
+
+    // Constructor/Destructor
+    explicit SyncServer(RenderingDevice &device);
+
+  public:
+    ~SyncServer();
+
+    // Move Constructors.
+    SyncServer(SyncServer &&other) noexcept;
+    SyncServer &operator=(SyncServer &&other) noexcept;
+
+    friend RenderingDevice;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SyncServer);
+};
+} // namespace systems::_internal

aster/include/aster/util/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,4 +3,7 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 
 target_sources(aster_core 
-	INTERFACE "logger.h")
+INTERFACE
+	"logger.h"
+	"freelist.h"
+	"files.h")

aster/include/aster/util/files.h

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: files.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "aster/core/constants.h"
+
+#include <EASTL/span.h>
+#include <EASTL/vector.h>
+
+eastl::vector<u32> ReadFile(std::string_view fileName);
+eastl::vector<u8> ReadFileBytes(std::string_view fileName, bool errorOnFail = true);
+bool WriteFileBytes(std::string_view fileName, eastl::span<u8> data);

aster/include/aster/util/freelist.h

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: freelist.h
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <optional>
+
+struct FreeListNode
+{
+    FreeListNode *m_Next;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+concept FreeListCapable = sizeof(T) >= sizeof(FreeListNode);
+
+template <FreeListCapable T>
+struct FreeList
+{
+    using Value = T;
+    using Reference = T &;
+    using ConstReference = T const &;
+    using Pointer = T *;
+
+    FreeListNode *m_Top;
+
+    FreeList()
+        : m_Top{nullptr}
+    {
+    }
+
+    FreeList(FreeList &&other) noexcept
+        : m_Top{Take(other.m_Top)}
+    {
+    }
+
+    FreeList &
+    operator=(FreeList &&other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+            return *this;
+        m_Top = Take(other.m_Top);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(FreeList);
+
+    ~FreeList()
+    {
+        m_Top = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool
+    Empty() const
+    {
+        return !m_Top;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Reference
+    Pop()
+    {
+        assert(m_Top);
+        Reference ref = *reinterpret_cast<Pointer>(m_Top);
+        m_Top = m_Top->m_Next;
+        return ref;
+    }
+
+    void
+    Push(Reference ref)
+    {
+        auto next = reinterpret_cast<FreeListNode *>(&ref);
+        next->m_Next = m_Top;
+        m_Top = next;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] ConstReference
+    Peek() const
+    {
+        assert(m_Top);
+        return *m_Top;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Reference
+    Peek()
+    {
+        assert(m_Top);
+        return *m_Top;
+    }
+
+    void
+    Clear()
+    {
+        m_Top = nullptr;
+    }
+};

aster/include/aster/util/logger.h

@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@ struct Logger
         eVerbose,
     };
 
-    u32 m_MinimumLoggingLevel{Cast<u32>(LogType::eDebug)};
+    u32 m_MinimumLoggingLevel{static_cast<u32>(LogType::eDebug)};
 
     void
     SetMinimumLoggingLevel(LogType logType)
     {
-        m_MinimumLoggingLevel = Cast<u32>(logType);
+        m_MinimumLoggingLevel = static_cast<u32>(logType);
     }
 
     template <LogType TLogLevel>
-    constexpr static const char *
+    constexpr static char const *
     ToCstr()
     {
         if constexpr (TLogLevel == LogType::eError)
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ struct Logger
     }
 
     template <LogType TLogLevel>
-    constexpr static const char *
+    constexpr static char const *
     ToColorCstr()
     {
         if constexpr (TLogLevel == LogType::eError)
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ struct Logger
 
     template <LogType TLogLevel>
     void
-    Log(const std::string_view &message, const char *loc, u32 line) const
+    Log(std::string_view const &message, char const *loc, u32 line) const
     {
-        if (Cast<u32>(TLogLevel) <= m_MinimumLoggingLevel)
+        if (static_cast<u32>(TLogLevel) <= m_MinimumLoggingLevel)
         {
             fmt::println("{}{} {} {} at {}:{}{}", ToColorCstr<TLogLevel>(), ToCstr<TLogLevel>(), message.data(),
                          ansi_color::Black, loc, line, ansi_color::Reset);
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ struct Logger
 
     template <LogType TLogLevel>
     void
-    LogCond(const char *exprStr, const std::string_view &message, const char *loc, u32 line) const
+    LogCond(char const *exprStr, std::string_view const &message, char const *loc, u32 line) const
     {
-        if (Cast<u32>(TLogLevel) <= m_MinimumLoggingLevel)
+        if (static_cast<u32>(TLogLevel) <= m_MinimumLoggingLevel)
         {
             fmt::println("{}{} ({}) {} {} at {}:{}{}", ToColorCstr<TLogLevel>(), ToCstr<TLogLevel>(), exprStr,
                          message.data(), ansi_color::Black, loc, line, ansi_color::Reset);
@@ -103,26 +103,26 @@ extern Logger g_Logger;
 #define INFO(...) g_Logger.Log<Logger::LogType::eInfo>(fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 
 #define ERROR_IF(expr, ...)                                                                                            \
-    if (Cast<bool>(expr)) [[unlikely]]                                                                                 \
+    if (static_cast<bool>(expr)) [[unlikely]]                                                                          \
     g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eError>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define WARN_IF(expr, ...)                                                                                             \
-    if (Cast<bool>(expr)) [[unlikely]]                                                                                 \
+    if (static_cast<bool>(expr)) [[unlikely]]                                                                          \
     g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eWarning>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define INFO_IF(expr, ...)                                                                                             \
-    if (Cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                              \
+    if (static_cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                       \
     g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eInfo>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 
 #define ELSE_IF_ERROR(expr, ...)                                                                                       \
     ;                                                                                                                  \
-    else if (Cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                         \
+    else if (static_cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                  \
         [[unlikely]] g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eError>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define ELSE_IF_WARN(expr, ...)                                                                                        \
     ;                                                                                                                  \
-    else if (Cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                         \
+    else if (static_cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                  \
         [[unlikely]] g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eWarning>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define ELSE_IF_INFO(expr, ...)                                                                                        \
     ;                                                                                                                  \
-    else if (Cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                         \
+    else if (static_cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                  \
         g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eInfo>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 
 #define ELSE_ERROR(...)                                                                                                \
@@ -139,11 +139,11 @@ extern Logger g_Logger;
 
 #define DEBUG(...) g_Logger.Log<Logger::LogType::eDebug>(fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define DEBUG_IF(expr, ...)                                                                                            \
-    if (Cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                              \
+    if (static_cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                       \
     g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eDebug>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define ELSE_IF_DEBUG(expr, ...)                                                                                       \
     ;                                                                                                                  \
-    else if (Cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                         \
+    else if (static_cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                  \
         g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eDebug>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define ELSE_DEBUG(...)                                                                                                \
     ;                                                                                                                  \
@@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ extern Logger g_Logger;
 
 #define VERBOSE(...) g_Logger.Log<Logger::LogType::eVerbose>(fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define VERBOSE_IF(expr, ...)                                                                                          \
-    if (Cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                              \
+    if (static_cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                       \
     g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eVerbose>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define ELSE_IF_VERBOSE(expr, ...)                                                                                     \
     ;                                                                                                                  \
-    else if (Cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                         \
+    else if (static_cast<bool>(expr))                                                                                  \
         g_Logger.LogCond<Logger::LogType::eVerbose>(#expr, fmt::format(__VA_ARGS__), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 #define ELSE_VERBOSE(...)                                                                                              \
     ;                                                                                                                  \
@@ -207,5 +207,5 @@ extern Logger g_Logger;
 #endif // !defined(VERBOSE_LOG_DISABLED)
 
 #define DO(code) , code
-#define ABORT(code) exit(Cast<i32>(code))
+#define ABORT(code) exit(static_cast<i32>(code))
 #define THEN_ABORT(code) , ABORT(code)

aster/src/aster/core/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 target_sources(aster_core
 PRIVATE
         "global.cpp"
-        "context.cpp"
+        "instance.cpp"
         "physical_device.cpp"
         "device.cpp"
         "swapchain.cpp"
@@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ PRIVATE
         "buffer.cpp"
         "image.cpp"
         "surface.cpp"
-        "window.cpp")
+        "window.cpp"
+        "sampler.cpp")

aster/src/aster/core/buffer.cpp

@@ -1,35 +1,25 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: buffer.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "core/buffer.h"
 
 #include "core/device.h"
 
-void
-Buffer::Destroy(const Device *device)
+Buffer::Buffer(Device const *device, usize const size, vk::BufferUsageFlags const bufferUsage,
+               VmaAllocationCreateFlags const allocationFlags, VmaMemoryUsage const memoryUsage, cstr const name)
 {
-    if (!IsValid() || !IsOwned())
-        return;
+    assert(!m_Buffer);
 
-    vmaDestroyBuffer(device->m_Allocator, m_Buffer, m_Allocation);
-    m_Size_ = 0;
-}
-
-void
-Buffer::Allocate(const Device *device, usize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags bufferUsage,
-                 VmaAllocationCreateFlags allocationFlags, VmaMemoryUsage memoryUsage, cstr name)
-{
-    assert(!IsValid());
-    assert(size <= SIZE_MASK);
+    m_Device = device;
 
     vk::BufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo = {
         .size = size,
-        .usage = bufferUsage,
+        .usage = bufferUsage | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eShaderDeviceAddress,
         .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
     };
-    const VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
+    VmaAllocationCreateInfo const allocationCreateInfo = {
         .flags = allocationFlags,
         .usage = memoryUsage,
     };
@@ -37,156 +27,88 @@ Buffer::Allocate(const Device *device, usize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags bufferUs
     VkBuffer buffer;
     VmaAllocation allocation;
     VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateBuffer(device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkBufferCreateInfo *>(&bufferCreateInfo),
+    auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(
+        vmaCreateBuffer(device->m_Allocator, reinterpret_cast<VkBufferCreateInfo *>(&bufferCreateInfo),
                         &allocationCreateInfo, &buffer, &allocation, &allocationInfo));
     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate buffer. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
 
-    vk::MemoryPropertyFlags memoryPropertyFlags;
-    vmaGetAllocationMemoryProperties(device->m_Allocator, allocation,
-                                     Recast<VkMemoryPropertyFlags *>(&memoryPropertyFlags));
+    // vk::MemoryPropertyFlags memoryPropertyFlags;
+    // vmaGetAllocationMemoryProperties(device->m_Allocator, allocation, Recast<VkMemoryPropertyFlags
+    // *>(&memoryPropertyFlags));
     // TODO: Actually track Host Access
-    // bool hostAccessible = Cast<bool>(memoryPropertyFlags & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible);
+    // bool hostAccessible = static_cast<bool>(memoryPropertyFlags & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible);
 
     m_Buffer = buffer;
-    m_Size_ = size | VALID_BUFFER_BIT | OWNED_BIT;
+    m_Size = size;
     m_Allocation = allocation;
-    m_Mapped = Cast<u8 *>(allocationInfo.pMappedData);
+    m_Mapped = static_cast<u8 *>(allocationInfo.pMappedData);
+    m_Flags = {};
+    if (bufferUsage & vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc)
+        m_Flags |= FlagBits::eStaging;
+    if (bufferUsage & vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer)
+        m_Flags |= FlagBits::eIndex;
+    if (bufferUsage & vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndirectBuffer)
+        m_Flags |= FlagBits::eIndirect;
+    if (bufferUsage & vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer)
+        m_Flags |= FlagBits::eVertex;
+    if (bufferUsage & vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer)
+        m_Flags |= FlagBits::eUniform;
+    if (bufferUsage & vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eStorageBuffer)
+        m_Flags |= FlagBits::eStorage;
+
+    vk::BufferDeviceAddressInfo const addressInfo = {.buffer = m_Buffer};
+    m_DeviceAddr = m_Device->m_Device.getBufferAddress(&addressInfo);
 
     device->SetName(m_Buffer, name);
 }
 
-uptr
-Buffer::GetDeviceAddress(const Device *device)
+Buffer::Buffer(Buffer &&other) noexcept
+    : m_Device{Take(other.m_Device)}
+    , m_Buffer{Take(other.m_Buffer)}
+    , m_Allocation{Take(other.m_Allocation)}
+    , m_Mapped{Take(other.m_Mapped)}
+    , m_DeviceAddr{Take(other.m_DeviceAddr)}
+    , m_Size{Take(other.m_Size)}
 {
-    vk::BufferDeviceAddressInfo addressInfo = {.buffer = m_Buffer};
-    return device->m_Device.getBufferAddress(&addressInfo);
+}
+
+Buffer &
+Buffer::operator=(Buffer &&other) noexcept
+{
+    if (this == &other)
+        return *this;
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(m_Device, other.m_Device);
+    swap(m_Buffer, other.m_Buffer);
+    swap(m_Allocation, other.m_Allocation);
+    swap(m_Mapped, other.m_Mapped);
+    swap(m_DeviceAddr, other.m_DeviceAddr);
+    swap(m_Size, other.m_Size);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+Buffer::~Buffer()
+{
+    if (!m_Buffer)
+        return;
+
+    vmaDestroyBuffer(m_Device->m_Allocator, Take(m_Buffer), m_Allocation);
+    m_Size = 0;
+}
+
+uptr
+Buffer::GetDeviceAddress() const
+{
+    return m_DeviceAddr;
 }
 
 void
-Buffer::Write(const Device *device, usize offset, usize size, const void *data)
+Buffer::Write(usize const offset, usize const size, void const *data) const
 {
-    assert(IsHostVisible());
-
-    if (!IsMapped())
-    {
-        void *mapped;
-        auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaMapMemory(device->m_Allocator, m_Allocation, &mapped));
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Memory mapping failed. Cause: {}", result);
-        if (!Failed(result))
-        {
-            m_Mapped = Cast<u8 *>(mapped);
+    assert(IsMapped());
     memcpy(m_Mapped + offset, data, size);
 
-            vmaUnmapMemory(device->m_Allocator, m_Allocation);
-            m_Mapped = nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        memcpy(m_Mapped + offset, data, size);
-    }
-
     // TODO: Debug this.
-    // auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCopyMemoryToAllocation(device->m_Allocator, &data, m_Allocation, 0, size));
-    // ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Writing to buffer failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-}
-
-void
-UniformBuffer::Init(const Device *device, const usize size, const cstr name)
-{
-    Allocate(device, size, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer,
-             VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT |
-                 VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_ALLOW_TRANSFER_INSTEAD_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT,
-             VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-}
-
-void
-StorageBuffer::Init(const Device *device, usize size, bool hostVisible, cstr name)
-{
-    Init(device, size, hostVisible, false, name);
-}
-
-void
-StorageBuffer::Init(const Device *device, usize size, bool hostVisible, bool deviceAddress, cstr name)
-{
-    vk::BufferUsageFlags usage = vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eStorageBuffer;
-    if (deviceAddress)
-    {
-        usage |= vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eShaderDeviceAddress;   
-    }
-    if (hostVisible)
-    {
-        Allocate(device, size, usage,
-                 VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT |
-                     VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_ALLOW_TRANSFER_INSTEAD_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT,
-                 VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        usage |= vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-        Allocate(device, size, usage, 0,
-                 VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-    }
-}
-
-void
-StorageIndexBuffer::Init(const Device *device, usize size, bool hostVisible, bool deviceAddress, cstr name)
-{
-    vk::BufferUsageFlags usage = vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eStorageBuffer | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer;
-    if (deviceAddress)
-    {
-        usage |= vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eShaderDeviceAddress;
-    }
-    if (hostVisible)
-    {
-        Allocate(device, size, usage,
-                 VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT |
-                     VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_ALLOW_TRANSFER_INSTEAD_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT,
-                 VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        usage |= vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-        Allocate(device, size, usage, 0, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-    }
-}
-
-void
-IndirectBuffer::Init(const Device *device, usize size, bool hostVisible, cstr name)
-{
-    vk::BufferUsageFlags usage = vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eStorageBuffer | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndirectBuffer | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eShaderDeviceAddress;
-    if (hostVisible)
-    {
-        Allocate(device, size, usage,
-                 VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT |
-                     VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_ALLOW_TRANSFER_INSTEAD_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT,
-                 VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        usage |= vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-        Allocate(device, size, usage, 0, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-    }
-}
-
-void
-VertexBuffer::Init(const Device *device, usize size, cstr name)
-{
-    Allocate(device, size, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst,
-             0, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-}
-
-void
-IndexBuffer::Init(const Device *device, usize size, cstr name)
-{
-    Allocate(device, size, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst,
-             0, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
-}
-
-void
-StagingBuffer::Init(const Device *device, usize size, cstr name)
-{
-    Allocate(device, size, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc,
-             VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT,
-             VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO, name);
+    // auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaCopyMemoryToAllocation(device->m_Allocator, &data, m_Allocation, 0,
+    // size)); ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Writing to buffer failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
 }

aster/src/aster/core/device.cpp

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: device.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "core/device.h"
 
-#include "core/context.h"
+#include "core/instance.h"
 #include "core/physical_device.h"
 #include "core/queue_allocation.h"
 
@@ -17,18 +17,12 @@ constexpr eastl::array DEVICE_EXTENSIONS = {
     VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME,
 };
 
-Device::Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features *enabledFeatures,
-               const eastl::vector<QueueAllocation> &queueAllocations, NameString &&name)
-    : Device(context, physicalDevice, enabledFeatures, queueAllocations, {}, std::move(name))
-{
-}
-
-Device::Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features *enabledFeatures,
-               const eastl::vector<QueueAllocation> &queueAllocations, eastl::span<u8> &&pipelineCacheData,
+Device::Device(Instance const &context, PhysicalDevice &physicalDevice, Features &enabledFeatures,
+               eastl::span<QueueAllocation> const &queueAllocations, eastl::span<u8> const &pipelineCacheData,
                NameString &&name)
     : m_Name(std::move(name))
-    , m_PhysicalDevice(physicalDevice->m_PhysicalDevice)
-    , m_ValidationEnabled(context->m_DebugMessenger != nullptr)
+    , m_PhysicalDevice(physicalDevice.m_PhysicalDevice)
+    , m_ValidationEnabled(context.m_DebugMessenger != nullptr)
 {
     // Shouldn't have more than 4 deviceQueueFamilies in use anyway. Else we can heap
     eastl::fixed_vector<vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo, 4> deviceQueueCreateInfos;
@@ -51,19 +45,19 @@ Device::Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features
         });
     }
 
-    vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures *deviceFeatures = &enabledFeatures->m_Vulkan10Features;
-    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features *vulkan11Features = &enabledFeatures->m_Vulkan11Features;
-    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features *vulkan12Features = &enabledFeatures->m_Vulkan12Features;
-    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features *vulkan13Features = &enabledFeatures->m_Vulkan13Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures *deviceFeatures = &enabledFeatures.m_Vulkan10Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features *vulkan11Features = &enabledFeatures.m_Vulkan11Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features *vulkan12Features = &enabledFeatures.m_Vulkan12Features;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features *vulkan13Features = &enabledFeatures.m_Vulkan13Features;
 
     vulkan11Features->pNext = vulkan12Features;
     vulkan12Features->pNext = vulkan13Features;
 
     vk::DeviceCreateInfo deviceCreateInfo = {
         .pNext = vulkan11Features,
-        .queueCreateInfoCount = Cast<u32>(deviceQueueCreateInfos.size()),
+        .queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<u32>(deviceQueueCreateInfos.size()),
         .pQueueCreateInfos = deviceQueueCreateInfos.data(),
-        .enabledExtensionCount = Cast<u32>(DEVICE_EXTENSIONS.size()),
+        .enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<u32>(DEVICE_EXTENSIONS.size()),
         .ppEnabledExtensionNames = DEVICE_EXTENSIONS.data(),
         .pEnabledFeatures = deviceFeatures,
     };
@@ -71,25 +65,25 @@ Device::Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features
     vk::Result result = m_PhysicalDevice.createDevice(&deviceCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_Device);
     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not initialize Vulkan Device. Cause: {}", result)
     THEN_ABORT(result)
-    ELSE_DEBUG("{} ({}) Initialized.", m_Name, physicalDevice->m_DeviceProperties.deviceName.data());
+    ELSE_DEBUG("{} ({}) Initialized.", m_Name, physicalDevice.m_DeviceProperties.deviceName.data());
 
     SetName(m_Device, m_Name.data());
 
     VmaVulkanFunctions vmaVulkanFunctions = {
-        .vkGetInstanceProcAddr = vk::defaultDispatchLoaderDynamic.vkGetInstanceProcAddr,
-        .vkGetDeviceProcAddr = vk::defaultDispatchLoaderDynamic.vkGetDeviceProcAddr,
+        .vkGetInstanceProcAddr = vk::detail::defaultDispatchLoaderDynamic.vkGetInstanceProcAddr,
+        .vkGetDeviceProcAddr = vk::detail::defaultDispatchLoaderDynamic.vkGetDeviceProcAddr,
     };
 
-    const VmaAllocatorCreateInfo allocatorCreateInfo = {
+    VmaAllocatorCreateInfo const allocatorCreateInfo = {
         .flags = VMA_ALLOCATOR_CREATE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT,
         .physicalDevice = m_PhysicalDevice,
         .device = m_Device,
         .pVulkanFunctions = &vmaVulkanFunctions,
-        .instance = context->m_Instance,
+        .instance = context.m_Instance,
         .vulkanApiVersion = ASTER_API_VERSION,
     };
 
-    result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateAllocator(&allocatorCreateInfo, &m_Allocator));
+    result = static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateAllocator(&allocatorCreateInfo, &m_Allocator));
     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Memory allocator creation failed. Cause: {}", result)
     DO(m_Device.destroy(nullptr))
     THEN_ABORT(result)
@@ -110,6 +104,9 @@ Device::Device(const Context *context, PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice, Features
 
 Device::~Device()
 {
+    if (!m_Device)
+        return;
+
     m_Device.destroy(m_PipelineCache, nullptr);
     if (m_Allocator)
     {
@@ -123,7 +120,7 @@ Device::~Device()
 }
 
 vk::Queue
-Device::GetQueue(const u32 familyIndex, const u32 queueIndex) const
+Device::GetQueue(u32 const familyIndex, u32 const queueIndex) const
 {
     vk::Queue queue;
     m_Device.getQueue(familyIndex, queueIndex, &queue);
@@ -156,6 +153,7 @@ Device::Device(Device &&other) noexcept
     , m_PhysicalDevice(Take(other.m_PhysicalDevice))
     , m_Device(Take(other.m_Device))
     , m_Allocator(Take(other.m_Allocator))
+    , m_PipelineCache(Take(other.m_PipelineCache))
 {
 }
 
@@ -168,5 +166,6 @@ Device::operator=(Device &&other) noexcept
     m_PhysicalDevice = Take(other.m_PhysicalDevice);
     m_Device = Take(other.m_Device);
     m_Allocator = Take(other.m_Allocator);
+    m_PipelineCache = Take(other.m_PipelineCache);
     return *this;
 }

aster/src/aster/core/global.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: global.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "core/global.h"
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ struct MemorySize
     {
         usize totalBytes = bytes + m_Bytes;
         m_Bytes = totalBytes % 1024;
-        const usize totalKb = m_Kilobytes + totalBytes / 1024;
+        usize const totalKb = m_Kilobytes + totalBytes / 1024;
         m_Kilobytes = totalKb % 1024;
-        const usize totalMb = m_Megabytes + totalKb / 1024;
+        usize const totalMb = m_Megabytes + totalKb / 1024;
         m_Megabytes = totalMb % 1024;
-        m_Gigabytes += Cast<u16>(totalMb / 1024);
+        m_Gigabytes += static_cast<u16>(totalMb / 1024);
 
         return *this;
     }
@@ -56,23 +56,23 @@ struct fmt::formatter<MemorySize>
         // return format_to(ctx.out(), "({}, {})", foo.a, foo.b); // --== KEY LINE ==--
         if (mem.m_Gigabytes > 0)
         {
-            return v10::format_to(ctx.out(), "{}.{} GB", mem.m_Gigabytes, Cast<u16>(mem.m_Megabytes / 1024.0));
+            return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "{}.{} GB", mem.m_Gigabytes, static_cast<u16>(mem.m_Megabytes / 1024.0));
         }
         if (mem.m_Megabytes > 0)
         {
-            return v10::format_to(ctx.out(), "{}.{} MB", mem.m_Megabytes, Cast<u16>(mem.m_Kilobytes / 1024.0));
+            return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "{}.{} MB", mem.m_Megabytes, static_cast<u16>(mem.m_Kilobytes / 1024.0));
         }
         if (mem.m_Kilobytes > 0)
         {
-            return v10::format_to(ctx.out(), "{}.{} KB", mem.m_Kilobytes, Cast<u16>(mem.m_Bytes / 1024.0));
+            return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "{}.{} KB", mem.m_Kilobytes, static_cast<u16>(mem.m_Bytes / 1024.0));
         }
 
-        return v10::format_to(ctx.out(), "{} Bytes", mem.m_Bytes);
+        return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "{} Bytes", mem.m_Bytes);
     }
 };
 
 void *
-operator new[](size_t size, const char * /*pName*/, int flags, unsigned /*debugFlags*/, const char * /*file*/,
+operator new[](size_t size, char const * /*pName*/, int flags, unsigned /*debugFlags*/, char const * /*file*/,
                int /*line*/)
 {
     g_TotalAlloc += size;
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ operator new[](size_t size, const char * /*pName*/, int flags, unsigned /*debugF
 }
 
 void *
-operator new[](size_t size, size_t /*alignment*/, size_t /*alignmentOffset*/, const char * /*pName*/, int flags,
-               unsigned /*debugFlags*/, const char * /*file*/, int /*line*/)
+operator new[](size_t size, size_t /*alignment*/, size_t /*alignmentOffset*/, char const * /*pName*/, int flags,
+               unsigned /*debugFlags*/, char const * /*file*/, int /*line*/)
 {
     g_TotalAlloc += size;
 

aster/src/aster/core/image.cpp

@@ -1,425 +1,482 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: image.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "core/image.h"
 
 #include "core/device.h"
 
-void
-Image::Destroy(const Device *device)
+Image &
+Image::operator=(Image &&other) noexcept
 {
-    if (!IsValid() || !IsOwned())
-    {
-        m_Flags_ = 0;
+    if (this == &other)
+        return *this;
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(m_Device, other.m_Device);
+    swap(m_Image, other.m_Image);
+    swap(m_Allocation, other.m_Allocation);
+    swap(m_Extent, other.m_Extent);
+    swap(m_Format, other.m_Format);
+    swap(m_EmptyPadding_, other.m_EmptyPadding_);
+    swap(m_Flags_, other.m_Flags_);
+    swap(m_LayerCount, other.m_LayerCount);
+    swap(m_MipLevels, other.m_MipLevels);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+Image::~Image()
+{
+    if (!IsValid())
         return;
-    }
 
-    device->m_Device.destroy(m_View, nullptr);
-    vmaDestroyImage(device->m_Allocator, m_Image, m_Allocation);
-    m_Flags_ = 0;
+    vmaDestroyImage(m_Device->m_Allocator, Take(m_Image), m_Allocation);
+    m_Flags_ = {};
 }
 
 void
-Texture::Init(const Device *device, const vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageFormat, const bool isMipMapped,
-              const cstr name)
+Image::DestroyView(vk::ImageView const imageView) const
 {
-    WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width) || !IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width), "Image {2} is {0}x{1} (Non Power of Two)",
-            extent.width, extent.height, name ? name : "<unnamed>");
-
-    const u8 mipLevels = isMipMapped ? 1 + Cast<u8>(floor(log2(eastl::max(extent.width, extent.height)))) : 1;
-
-    auto usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-    if (isMipMapped)
-    {
-        usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc;
-    }
-
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
-        .mipLevels = mipLevels,
-        .arrayLayers = 1,
-        .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
-        .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
-        .usage = usage,
-        .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
-        .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
-    };
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = {},
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = mipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
-    };
-    result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    m_Image = image;
-    m_View = view;
-    m_Allocation = allocation;
-    m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    m_Flags_ = OWNED_BIT | VALID_BIT;
-    m_LayerCount = 1;
-    m_MipLevels = mipLevels;
-
-    device->SetName(m_Image, name);
+    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(imageView, nullptr);
 }
 
-/*
-Cube map Faces info.
-
-TODO: Correct this based on the actual layout for upside down viewport.
-
-| Axis | Layer | Up |
-|:----:|:-----:|:--:|
-|  +x  |   0   | -y |
-|  -x  |   1   | -y |
-|  +y  |   2   | +z |
-|  -y  |   3   | -z |
-|  +z  |   4   | -y |
-|  -z  |   5   | -y |
-
-Remember, we use upside down viewport.
-
-*/
-
-void
-TextureCube::Init(const Device *device, u32 cubeSide, vk::Format imageFormat, bool isMipMapped, cstr name)
+//
+// void
+// Texture::Init(const Device *device, const vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageFormat, const bool isMipMapped,
+//              const cstr name)
+//{
+//    WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width) || !IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width), "Image {2} is {0}x{1} (Non Power of Two)",
+//            extent.width, extent.height, name ? name : "<unnamed>");
+//
+//    const u8 mipLevels = isMipMapped ? 1 + static_cast<u8>(floor(log2(eastl::max(extent.width, extent.height)))) : 1;
+//
+//    auto usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
+//    if (isMipMapped)
+//    {
+//        usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc;
+//    }
+//
+//    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
+//        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
+//        .format = imageFormat,
+//        .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
+//        .mipLevels = mipLevels,
+//        .arrayLayers = 1,
+//        .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
+//        .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+//        .usage = usage,
+//        .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
+//        .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
+//    };
+//    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
+//        .flags = {},
+//        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
+//    };
+//
+//    VkImage image;
+//    VmaAllocation allocation;
+//    auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, reinterpret_cast<VkImageCreateInfo
+//    *>(&imageCreateInfo),
+//                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
+//    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//    vk::ImageView view;
+//    vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
+//        .image = image,
+//        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
+//        .format = imageFormat,
+//        .components = {},
+//        .subresourceRange =
+//            {
+//                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+//                .baseMipLevel = 0,
+//                .levelCount = mipLevels,
+//                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+//                .layerCount = 1,
+//            },
+//    };
+//    result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
+//    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//    m_Device = device;
+//    m_Image = image;
+//    m_View = view;
+//    m_Allocation = allocation;
+//    m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
+//    m_LayerCount = 1;
+//    m_MipLevels = mipLevels;
+//
+//    device->SetName(m_Image, name);
+//}
+//
+///*
+// Cube map Faces info.
+//
+// TODO: Correct this based on the actual layout for upside down viewport.
+//
+//| Axis | Layer | Up |
+//|:----:|:-----:|:--:|
+//|  +x  |   0   | -y |
+//|  -x  |   1   | -y |
+//|  +y  |   2   | +z |
+//|  -y  |   3   | -z |
+//|  +z  |   4   | -y |
+//|  -z  |   5   | -y |
+//
+// Remember, we use upside down viewport.
+//
+//*/
+//
+// void
+// TextureCube::Init(const Device *device, u32 cubeSide, vk::Format imageFormat, bool isMipMapped, cstr name)
+//{
+//     WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(cubeSide), "Image Cube {1} has side {0}x{0} (Non Power of Two)", cubeSide,
+//             name ? name : "<unnamed>");
+//
+//     const u8 mipLevels = isMipMapped ? 1 + static_cast<u8>(floor(log2(cubeSide))) : 1;
+//
+//     auto usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
+//     if (isMipMapped)
+//     {
+//         usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc;
+//     }
+//
+//     const vk::Extent3D extent = {.width = cubeSide, .height = cubeSide, .depth = 1};
+//
+//     vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
+//         .flags = vk::ImageCreateFlagBits::eCubeCompatible,
+//         .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .extent = extent,
+//         .mipLevels = mipLevels,
+//         .arrayLayers = 6,
+//         .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
+//         .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+//         .usage = usage,
+//         .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
+//         .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
+//     };
+//     constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
+//         .flags = {},
+//         .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
+//     };
+//
+//     VkImage image;
+//     VmaAllocation allocation;
+//     auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, reinterpret_cast<VkImageCreateInfo
+//     *>(&imageCreateInfo),
+//                                                   &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     vk::ImageView view;
+//     vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
+//         .image = image,
+//         .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::eCube,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .components = {},
+//         .subresourceRange =
+//             {
+//                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+//                 .baseMipLevel = 0,
+//                 .levelCount = mipLevels,
+//                 .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+//                 .layerCount = 6,
+//             },
+//     };
+//     result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     m_Device = device;
+//     m_Image = image;
+//     m_View = view;
+//     m_Allocation = allocation;
+//     m_Extent = extent;
+//     m_MipLevels = mipLevels;
+//     m_LayerCount = 6;
+//
+//     device->SetName(m_Image, name);
+// }
+//
+// void
+// AttachmentImage::Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageFormat, cstr name)
+//{
+//     vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
+//         .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
+//         .mipLevels = 1,
+//         .arrayLayers = 1,
+//         .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
+//         .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+//         .usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc,
+//         .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
+//         .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
+//     };
+//     constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
+//         .flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT,
+//         .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
+//     };
+//
+//     VkImage image;
+//     VmaAllocation allocation;
+//     auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, reinterpret_cast<VkImageCreateInfo
+//     *>(&imageCreateInfo),
+//                                                   &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate depth buffer. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     vk::ImageView view;
+//     vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
+//         .image = image,
+//         .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .components = {},
+//         .subresourceRange =
+//             {
+//                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+//                 .baseMipLevel = 0,
+//                 .levelCount = 1,
+//                 .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+//                 .layerCount = 1,
+//             },
+//     };
+//     result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create attachment image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result)
+//     THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     m_Device = device;
+//     m_Image = image;
+//     m_View = view;
+//     m_Allocation = allocation;
+//     m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
+//     m_MipLevels = 1;
+//     m_LayerCount = 1;
+//
+//     device->SetName(m_Image, name);
+// }
+//
+// void
+// DepthImage::Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, cstr name)
+//{
+//     constexpr vk::Format imageFormat = vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint;
+//     vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
+//         .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
+//         .mipLevels = 1,
+//         .arrayLayers = 1,
+//         .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
+//         .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+//         .usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment,
+//         .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
+//         .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
+//     };
+//     constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
+//         .flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT,
+//         .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
+//     };
+//
+//     VkImage image;
+//     VmaAllocation allocation;
+//     auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, reinterpret_cast<VkImageCreateInfo
+//     *>(&imageCreateInfo),
+//                                                   &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate depth buffer. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     vk::ImageView view;
+//     vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
+//         .image = image,
+//         .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .components = {},
+//         .subresourceRange =
+//             {
+//                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth,
+//                 .baseMipLevel = 0,
+//                 .levelCount = 1,
+//                 .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+//                 .layerCount = 1,
+//             },
+//     };
+//     result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create depth image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     m_Device = device;
+//     m_Image = image;
+//     m_View = view;
+//     m_Allocation = allocation;
+//     m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
+//     m_MipLevels = 1;
+//     m_LayerCount = 1;
+//
+//     device->SetName(m_Image, name);
+// }
+//
+// void
+// StorageTexture::Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, const vk::Format imageFormat, const bool isSampled,
+//                      cstr name)
+//{
+//     // Reasoning:
+//     // Transfer Src and Dst to copy to and from the buffer since Storage will often be loaded with info, and read for
+//     // results.
+//     auto usage =
+//         vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eStorage | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc |
+//         vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
+//     if (isSampled)
+//     {
+//         WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width) || !IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width), "Image {2} is {0}x{1} (Non Power of
+//         Two)",
+//                 extent.width, extent.height, name ? name : "<unnamed>");
+//         usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled;
+//     }
+//
+//     vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
+//         .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
+//         .mipLevels = 1,
+//         .arrayLayers = 1,
+//         .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
+//         .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+//         .usage = usage,
+//         .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
+//         .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
+//     };
+//     constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
+//         .flags = {},
+//         .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
+//     };
+//
+//     VkImage image;
+//     VmaAllocation allocation;
+//     auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, reinterpret_cast<VkImageCreateInfo
+//     *>(&imageCreateInfo),
+//                                                   &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     vk::ImageView view;
+//     const vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
+//         .image = image,
+//         .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .components = {},
+//         .subresourceRange =
+//             {
+//                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+//                 .baseMipLevel = 0,
+//                 .levelCount = 1,
+//                 .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+//                 .layerCount = 1,
+//             },
+//     };
+//     result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     m_Device = device;
+//     m_Image = image;
+//     m_View = view;
+//     m_Allocation = allocation;
+//     m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
+//     m_MipLevels = 1;
+//     m_LayerCount = 1;
+//
+//     device->SetName(m_Image, name);
+// }
+//
+// void
+// StorageTextureCube::Init(const Device *device, u32 cubeSide, vk::Format imageFormat, bool isSampled, bool
+// isMipMapped,
+//                          cstr name)
+//{
+//     // Reasoning:
+//     // Transfer Src and Dst to copy to and from the buffer since Storage will often be loaded with info, and read for
+//     // results.
+//     auto usage =
+//         vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eStorage | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc |
+//         vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
+//     if (isSampled)
+//     {
+//         WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(cubeSide), "Image {1} is {0}x{0} (Non Power of Two)", cubeSide,
+//                 name ? name : "<unnamed>");
+//         usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled;
+//     }
+//
+//     const u8 mipLevels = isMipMapped ? 1 + static_cast<u8>(floor(log2(cubeSide))) : 1;
+//
+//     vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
+//         .flags = vk::ImageCreateFlagBits::eCubeCompatible,
+//         .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .extent = {cubeSide, cubeSide, 1},
+//         .mipLevels = mipLevels,
+//         .arrayLayers = 6,
+//         .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
+//         .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+//         .usage = usage,
+//         .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
+//         .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
+//     };
+//     constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
+//         .flags = {},
+//         .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
+//     };
+//
+//     VkImage image;
+//     VmaAllocation allocation;
+//     auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, reinterpret_cast<VkImageCreateInfo
+//     *>(&imageCreateInfo),
+//                                                   &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     vk::ImageView view;
+//     const vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
+//         .image = image,
+//         .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::eCube,
+//         .format = imageFormat,
+//         .components = {},
+//         .subresourceRange =
+//             {
+//                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+//                 .baseMipLevel = 0,
+//                 .levelCount = mipLevels,
+//                 .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+//                 .layerCount = 6,
+//             },
+//     };
+//     result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
+//     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
+//
+//     m_Device = device;
+//     m_Image = image;
+//     m_View = view;
+//     m_Allocation = allocation;
+//     m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
+//     m_MipLevels = mipLevels;
+//     m_LayerCount = 6;
+//
+//     device->SetName(m_Image, name);
+// }
+Image::Image(Image &&other) noexcept
+    : m_Device{Take(other.m_Device)}
+    , m_Image{Take(other.m_Image)}
+    , m_Allocation{Take(other.m_Allocation)}
+    , m_Extent{other.m_Extent}
+    , m_Format{other.m_Format}
+    , m_EmptyPadding_{other.m_EmptyPadding_}
+    , m_Flags_{other.m_Flags_}
+    , m_LayerCount{other.m_LayerCount}
+    , m_MipLevels{other.m_MipLevels}
 {
-    WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(cubeSide), "Image Cube {1} has side {0}x{0} (Non Power of Two)", cubeSide, name ? name : "<unnamed>");
-
-    const u8 mipLevels = isMipMapped ? 1 + Cast<u8>(floor(log2(cubeSide))) : 1;
-
-    auto usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-    if (isMipMapped)
-    {
-        usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc;
-    }
-
-    const vk::Extent3D extent = {.width = cubeSide, .height = cubeSide, .depth = 1};
-
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = vk::ImageCreateFlagBits::eCubeCompatible,
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .extent = extent,
-        .mipLevels = mipLevels,
-        .arrayLayers = 6,
-        .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
-        .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
-        .usage = usage,
-        .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
-        .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
-    };
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = {},
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::eCube,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = mipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 6,
-            },
-    };
-    result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    m_Image = image;
-    m_View = view;
-    m_Allocation = allocation;
-    m_Extent = extent;
-    m_MipLevels = mipLevels;
-    m_Flags_ = OWNED_BIT | VALID_BIT;
-    m_LayerCount = 6;
-
-    device->SetName(m_Image, name);
 }
 
-void
-AttachmentImage::Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, vk::Format imageFormat, cstr name)
+Image::Image(Device const *device, vk::Image const image, VmaAllocation const allocation, vk::Extent3D const extent,
+             vk::Format const format, Flags const flags, u8 const layerCount, u8 const mipLevels)
+    : m_Device{device}
+    , m_Image{image}
+    , m_Allocation{allocation}
+    , m_Extent{extent}
+    , m_Format{format}
+    , m_Flags_{flags}
+    , m_LayerCount{layerCount}
+    , m_MipLevels{mipLevels}
 {
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
-        .mipLevels = 1,
-        .arrayLayers = 1,
-        .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
-        .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
-        .usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc,
-        .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
-        .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
-    };
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT,
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate depth buffer. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = 1,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
-    };
-    result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create attachment image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    m_Image = image;
-    m_View = view;
-    m_Allocation = allocation;
-    m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    m_MipLevels = 1;
-    m_Flags_ = OWNED_BIT | VALID_BIT;
-    m_LayerCount = 1;
-
-    device->SetName(m_Image, name);
-}
-
-void
-DepthImage::Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, cstr name)
-{
-    constexpr vk::Format imageFormat = vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint;
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
-        .mipLevels = 1,
-        .arrayLayers = 1,
-        .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
-        .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
-        .usage = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment,
-        .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
-        .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
-    };
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT,
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate depth buffer. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = 1,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
-    };
-    result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create depth image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    m_Image = image;
-    m_View = view;
-    m_Allocation = allocation;
-    m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    m_MipLevels = 1;
-    m_Flags_ = OWNED_BIT | VALID_BIT;
-    m_LayerCount = 1;
-
-    device->SetName(m_Image, name);
-}
-
-void
-StorageTexture::Init(const Device *device, vk::Extent2D extent, const vk::Format imageFormat, const bool isSampled,
-                     cstr name)
-{
-    // Reasoning:
-    // Transfer Src and Dst to copy to and from the buffer since Storage will often be loaded with info, and read for
-    // results.
-    auto usage =
-        vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eStorage | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-    if (isSampled)
-    {
-        WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width) || !IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width), "Image {2} is {0}x{1} (Non Power of Two)",
-                extent.width, extent.height, name ? name : "<unnamed>");
-        usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled;
-    }
-
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
-        .mipLevels = 1,
-        .arrayLayers = 1,
-        .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
-        .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
-        .usage = usage,
-        .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
-        .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
-    };
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = {},
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    const vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = 1,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
-    };
-    result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    m_Image = image;
-    m_View = view;
-    m_Allocation = allocation;
-    m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    m_MipLevels = 1;
-    m_Flags_ = OWNED_BIT | VALID_BIT;
-    m_LayerCount = 1;
-
-    device->SetName(m_Image, name);
-}
-
-void
-StorageTextureCube::Init(const Device *device, u32 cubeSide, vk::Format imageFormat, bool isSampled, bool isMipMapped,
-                         cstr name)
-{
-    // Reasoning:
-    // Transfer Src and Dst to copy to and from the buffer since Storage will often be loaded with info, and read for
-    // results.
-    auto usage =
-        vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eStorage | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-    if (isSampled)
-    {
-        WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(cubeSide), "Image {1} is {0}x{0} (Non Power of Two)", cubeSide,
-                name ? name : "<unnamed>");
-        usage |= vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled;
-    }
-
-    const u8 mipLevels = isMipMapped ? 1 + Cast<u8>(floor(log2(cubeSide))) : 1;
-
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = vk::ImageCreateFlagBits::eCubeCompatible,
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .extent = {cubeSide, cubeSide, 1},
-        .mipLevels = mipLevels,
-        .arrayLayers = 6,
-        .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
-        .tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
-        .usage = usage,
-        .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
-        .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
-    };
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = {},
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    const vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::eCube,
-        .format = imageFormat,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = mipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 6,
-            },
-    };
-    result = device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    m_Image = image;
-    m_View = view;
-    m_Allocation = allocation;
-    m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    m_MipLevels = mipLevels;
-    m_Flags_ = OWNED_BIT | VALID_BIT;
-    m_LayerCount = 6;
-
-    device->SetName(m_Image, name);
 }

aster/src/aster/core/instance.cpp

@@ -1,48 +1,46 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: context.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
-#include "core/context.h"
+#include "core/instance.h"
+
+#include "core/window.h"
 
 #include <EASTL/array.h>
 #include <EASTL/fixed_vector.h>
 
 VKAPI_ATTR b32 VKAPI_CALL
-DebugCallback(const VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
-              const VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
-              const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *callbackData, [[maybe_unused]] void *userData)
+DebugCallback(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT const messageSeverity,
+              vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT const messageType,
+              vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT const *callbackData, [[maybe_unused]] void *userData)
 {
-    using Severity = vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT;
     using SeverityBits = vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT;
-    using MessageType = vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT;
     using MessageTypeBits = vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT;
 
-    const auto severity = Severity(messageSeverity);
-
-    if (MessageType(messageType) & MessageTypeBits::eValidation)
+    if (messageType & MessageTypeBits::eValidation)
     {
-        if (severity & SeverityBits::eError)
+        if (messageSeverity & SeverityBits::eError)
             ERROR("{}", callbackData->pMessage);
-        if (severity & SeverityBits::eWarning)
+        if (messageSeverity & SeverityBits::eWarning)
             WARN("{}", callbackData->pMessage);
-        if (severity & SeverityBits::eInfo)
+        if (messageSeverity & SeverityBits::eInfo)
             INFO("{}", callbackData->pMessage);
-        if (severity & SeverityBits::eVerbose)
+        if (messageSeverity & SeverityBits::eVerbose)
             VERBOSE("{}", callbackData->pMessage);
     }
 
     return false;
 }
 
-Context::Context(const cstr appName, const Version version, bool enableValidation)
+Instance::Instance(cstr const appName, Version const version, bool enableValidation)
 {
     INFO_IF(enableValidation, "Validation Layers enabled");
 
     // TODO Get/Check API Version
 
     // Creating Instance
-    const vk::ApplicationInfo appInfo = {
+    vk::ApplicationInfo const appInfo = {
         .pApplicationName = appName,
         .applicationVersion = version.GetVkVersion(),
         .pEngineName = PROJECT_NAME,
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ Context::Context(const cstr appName, const Version version, bool enableValidatio
         .apiVersion = ASTER_API_VERSION,
     };
 
-    const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfo = {
+    vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT const debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfo = {
         .messageSeverity = vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError |
                            vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning |
                            vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eInfo,
@@ -61,23 +59,23 @@ Context::Context(const cstr appName, const Version version, bool enableValidatio
         .pUserData = nullptr,
     };
 
-    u32 glfwExtensionCount = 0;
-    cstr *glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
-    eastl::fixed_vector<cstr, 3> instanceExtensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
+    u32 windowExtensionCount = 0;
+    cstr *windowExtensions = Window::GetInstanceExtensions(&windowExtensionCount);
+    eastl::fixed_vector<cstr, 3> instanceExtensions(windowExtensions, windowExtensions + windowExtensionCount);
     if (enableValidation)
     {
         instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
     }
 
-    const vk::DynamicLoader dl;
+    vk::detail::DynamicLoader const dl;
     // ReSharper disable once CppInconsistentNaming
-    const auto vkGetInstanceProcAddr = dl.getProcAddress<PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr>("vkGetInstanceProcAddr");
+    auto const vkGetInstanceProcAddr = dl.getProcAddress<PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr>("vkGetInstanceProcAddr");
     VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCHER.init(vkGetInstanceProcAddr);
 
-    const auto instanceCreateInfo = vk::InstanceCreateInfo{
+    auto const instanceCreateInfo = vk::InstanceCreateInfo{
         .pNext = enableValidation ? &debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfo : nullptr,
         .pApplicationInfo = &appInfo,
-        .enabledExtensionCount = Cast<u32>(instanceExtensions.size()),
+        .enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<u32>(instanceExtensions.size()),
         .ppEnabledExtensionNames = instanceExtensions.data(),
     };
 
@@ -97,8 +95,11 @@ Context::Context(const cstr appName, const Version version, bool enableValidatio
     }
 }
 
-Context::~Context()
+Instance::~Instance()
 {
+    if (!m_Instance)
+        return;
+
     if (m_DebugMessenger)
     {
         m_Instance.destroy(m_DebugMessenger, nullptr);
@@ -108,14 +109,14 @@ Context::~Context()
     DEBUG("Instance destroyed");
 }
 
-Context::Context(Context &&other) noexcept
+Instance::Instance(Instance &&other) noexcept
     : m_Instance(Take(other.m_Instance))
     , m_DebugMessenger(Take(other.m_DebugMessenger))
 {
 }
 
-Context &
-Context::operator=(Context &&other) noexcept
+Instance &
+Instance::operator=(Instance &&other) noexcept
 {
     if (this == &other)
         return *this;

aster/src/aster/core/physical_device.cpp

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: physical_device.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "core/physical_device.h"
 
-#include "core/context.h"
+#include "core/instance.h"
 #include "core/surface.h"
 
 [[nodiscard]] vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR
-GetSurfaceCapabilities(const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const vk::SurfaceKHR surface)
+GetSurfaceCapabilities(vk::PhysicalDevice const physicalDevice, vk::SurfaceKHR const surface)
 {
     vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfaceCapabilities;
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ GetSurfaceCapabilities(const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const vk::Surfac
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] eastl::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR>
-GetSurfaceFormats(const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const vk::SurfaceKHR surface)
+GetSurfaceFormats(vk::PhysicalDevice const physicalDevice, vk::SurfaceKHR const surface)
 {
     // vk::Result::eIncomplete should not occur in this function. The rest are errors. Thus, abort is allowed.
     u32 count = 0;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ GetSurfaceFormats(const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const vk::SurfaceKHR
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] eastl::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR>
-GetSurfacePresentModes(const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const vk::SurfaceKHR surface)
+GetSurfacePresentModes(vk::PhysicalDevice const physicalDevice, vk::SurfaceKHR const surface)
 {
     // vk::Result::eIncomplete should not occur in this function. The rest are errors. Thus, abort is allowed.
     u32 count = 0;
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ GetSurfacePresentModes(const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const vk::Surfac
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] bool
-GetQueuePresentSupport(const u32 queueFamilyIndex, const vk::SurfaceKHR surface,
-                       const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice)
+GetQueuePresentSupport(u32 const queueFamilyIndex, vk::SurfaceKHR const surface,
+                       vk::PhysicalDevice const physicalDevice)
 {
     b32 supported = false;
-    const vk::Result result = physicalDevice.getSurfaceSupportKHR(queueFamilyIndex, surface, &supported);
+    vk::Result const result = physicalDevice.getSurfaceSupportKHR(queueFamilyIndex, surface, &supported);
     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not get queue family surface support. Cause: {}", result)
     THEN_ABORT(result);
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ GetQueuePresentSupport(const u32 queueFamilyIndex, const vk::SurfaceKHR surface,
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]] eastl::fixed_vector<vk::QueueFamilyProperties, 32>
-GetQueueFamilyProperties(const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice)
+GetQueueFamilyProperties(vk::PhysicalDevice const physicalDevice)
 {
     // Devices rarely have more than 32 queue families. Thus fixed vector
     u32 count = 0;
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ GetQueueFamilyProperties(const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice)
 
 // Size 384 return.
 [[nodiscard]] eastl::vector<QueueFamilyInfo>
-GetQueueFamilies(const vk::SurfaceKHR surface, const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice)
+GetQueueFamilies(vk::SurfaceKHR const surface, vk::PhysicalDevice const physicalDevice)
 {
 
     auto queueFamilyProperties = GetQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice);
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ GetQueueFamilies(const vk::SurfaceKHR surface, const vk::PhysicalDevice physical
     return queueFamilyInfos;
 }
 
-PhysicalDevice::PhysicalDevice(const vk::SurfaceKHR surface, const vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice)
+PhysicalDevice::PhysicalDevice(vk::SurfaceKHR const surface, vk::PhysicalDevice const physicalDevice)
 {
     physicalDevice.getProperties(&m_DeviceProperties);
     physicalDevice.getFeatures(&m_DeviceFeatures);
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ PhysicalDevice::PhysicalDevice(const vk::SurfaceKHR surface, const vk::PhysicalD
 }
 
 eastl::fixed_vector<vk::PhysicalDevice, 8>
-EnumeratePhysicalDevices(const vk::Instance instance)
+EnumeratePhysicalDevices(vk::Instance const instance)
 {
     u32 count = 0;
     vk::Result result = instance.enumeratePhysicalDevices(&count, nullptr);
@@ -154,11 +154,10 @@ EnumeratePhysicalDevices(const vk::Instance instance)
     return physicalDevices;
 }
 
-PhysicalDevices::PhysicalDevices(const Surface *surface, const Context *context)
+PhysicalDevices::PhysicalDevices(Surface const &surface, Instance const &context)
 {
-    auto physicalDevices = EnumeratePhysicalDevices(context->m_Instance);
-    for (auto physicalDevice : physicalDevices)
+    for (auto physicalDevices = EnumeratePhysicalDevices(context.m_Instance); auto physicalDevice : physicalDevices)
     {
-        this->emplace_back(surface->m_Surface, physicalDevice);
+        this->emplace_back(surface.m_Surface, physicalDevice);
     }
 }

aster/src/aster/core/pipeline.cpp

@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: pipeline.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "core/pipeline.h"
 
 #include "core/device.h"
 
-Pipeline::Pipeline(const Device *device, vk::PipelineLayout layout, vk::Pipeline pipeline,
-                   eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> &&setLayouts)
-    : m_Device(device)
-    , m_Layout(layout)
-    , m_Pipeline(pipeline)
-    , m_SetLayouts(std::move(setLayouts))
+Pipeline::Pipeline(Device const *device, vk::PipelineLayout const layout, vk::Pipeline const pipeline,
+                   eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> &&setLayouts, Kind const kind)
+    : m_Device{device}
+    , m_Layout{layout}
+    , m_Pipeline{pipeline}
+    , m_SetLayouts{std::move(setLayouts)}
+    , m_Kind{kind}
 {
 }
 
 Pipeline::~Pipeline()
 {
-    for (const auto setLayout : m_SetLayouts)
+    if (!m_Device || !m_Pipeline)
+        return;
+
+    for (auto const setLayout : m_SetLayouts)
     {
         m_Device->m_Device.destroy(setLayout, nullptr);
     }

aster/src/aster/core/sampler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: sampler.cpp
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#include "core/sampler.h"
+
+#include "core/device.h"
+
+Sampler::~Sampler()
+{
+    if (!IsValid())
+        return;
+
+    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(Take(m_Sampler), nullptr);
+}
+
+Sampler::Sampler(Device const *device, vk::SamplerCreateInfo const &samplerCreateInfo, cstr name)
+{
+    m_Device = device;
+    auto const result = device->m_Device.createSampler(&samplerCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_Sampler);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create a sampler {}", name ? name : "<unnamed>") THEN_ABORT(-1);
+}
+
+Sampler &
+Sampler::operator=(Sampler &&other) noexcept
+{
+    if (this == &other)
+        return *this;
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(m_Device, other.m_Device);
+    swap(m_Sampler, other.m_Sampler);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+Sampler::Sampler(Sampler &&other) noexcept
+    : m_Device{other.m_Device}
+    , m_Sampler{Take(other.m_Sampler)}
+{
+}

aster/src/aster/core/surface.cpp

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: surface.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "core/surface.h"
 
-#include "core/context.h"
+#include "core/instance.h"
 #include "core/window.h"
 
-Surface::Surface(Context *context, const Window *window, cstr name)
-    : m_Context(context)
-    , m_Name(name)
+Surface::Surface(Instance &context, Window const &window)
+    : m_Context(&context)
 {
     VkSurfaceKHR surface;
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(
-        glfwCreateWindowSurface(Cast<VkInstance>(m_Context->m_Instance), window->m_Window, nullptr, &surface));
+    auto result = static_cast<vk::Result>(
+        glfwCreateWindowSurface(static_cast<VkInstance>(m_Context->m_Instance), window.m_Window, nullptr, &surface));
     ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed to create Surface with {}", result)
     THEN_ABORT(result)
     ELSE_DEBUG("Surface {} Created", m_Name);
@@ -23,14 +22,14 @@ Surface::Surface(Context *context, const Window *window, cstr name)
 
 Surface::~Surface()
 {
-    if (m_Context && m_Surface)
-    {
+    if (!m_Context || !m_Context->m_Instance || !m_Surface)
+        return;
+
     m_Context->m_Instance.destroy(m_Surface, nullptr);
     DEBUG("Surface Destroyed");
 
     m_Surface = nullptr;
     m_Context = nullptr;
-    }
 }
 
 Surface::Surface(Surface &&other) noexcept

aster/src/aster/core/swapchain.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// =============================================
 //  Aster: swapchain.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // ==============================================
 
 #include "core/swapchain.h"
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@
 
 [[nodiscard]] vk::Extent2D GetExtent(Size2D size, vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR *surfaceCapabilities);
 
-Swapchain::Swapchain(const Surface *surface, const Device *device, Size2D size, NameString &&name)
-    : m_Device(device)
-    , m_Name(std::move(name))
+Swapchain::Swapchain(Surface const &surface, Device const &device, Size2D size)
+    : m_Device(&device)
     , m_Format(vk::Format::eUndefined)
 {
     this->Create(surface, size);
@@ -27,11 +26,11 @@ Swapchain::~Swapchain()
 Swapchain::Swapchain(Swapchain &&other) noexcept
     : m_Device(other.m_Device)
     , m_Swapchain(Take(other.m_Swapchain))
-    , m_Name(std::move(other.m_Name))
     , m_Extent(other.m_Extent)
     , m_Format(other.m_Format)
     , m_Images(std::move(other.m_Images))
     , m_ImageViews(std::move(other.m_ImageViews))
+    , m_ResizeCallbacks(std::move(other.m_ResizeCallbacks))
 {
 }
 
@@ -42,32 +41,32 @@ Swapchain::operator=(Swapchain &&other) noexcept
         return *this;
     m_Device = other.m_Device;
     m_Swapchain = Take(other.m_Swapchain);
-    m_Name = std::move(other.m_Name);
     m_Extent = other.m_Extent;
     m_Format = other.m_Format;
     m_Images = std::move(other.m_Images);
     m_ImageViews = std::move(other.m_ImageViews);
+    m_ResizeCallbacks = std::move(other.m_ResizeCallbacks);
     return *this;
 }
 
 void
-Swapchain::Create(const Surface *surface, Size2D size)
+Swapchain::Create(Surface const &surface, Size2D size)
 {
-    auto surfaceCapabilities = GetSurfaceCapabilities(m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice, surface->m_Surface);
+    auto surfaceCapabilities = GetSurfaceCapabilities(m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice, surface.m_Surface);
     m_Extent = GetExtent(size, &surfaceCapabilities);
 
     while (m_Extent.width == 0 || m_Extent.height == 0)
     {
         glfwWaitEvents();
-        surfaceCapabilities = GetSurfaceCapabilities(m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice, surface->m_Surface);
+        surfaceCapabilities = GetSurfaceCapabilities(m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice, surface.m_Surface);
         m_Extent = GetExtent(size, &surfaceCapabilities);
     }
 
-    auto surfaceFormats = GetSurfaceFormats(m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice, surface->m_Surface);
-    auto presentModes = GetSurfacePresentModes(m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice, surface->m_Surface);
+    auto surfaceFormats = GetSurfaceFormats(m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice, surface.m_Surface);
+    auto presentModes = GetSurfacePresentModes(m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice, surface.m_Surface);
 
     m_Format = vk::Format::eUndefined;
-    vk::ColorSpaceKHR swapchainColorSpace = vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear;
+    auto swapchainColorSpace = vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear;
     for (auto [format, colorSpace] : surfaceFormats)
     {
         if (format == vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Srgb && colorSpace == vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear)
@@ -84,8 +83,8 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Surface *surface, Size2D size)
         swapchainColorSpace = colorSpace;
     }
 
-    vk::PresentModeKHR swapchainPresentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
-    for (const auto presentMode : presentModes)
+    auto swapchainPresentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
+    for (auto const presentMode : presentModes)
     {
         if (presentMode == vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox)
         {
@@ -95,16 +94,14 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Surface *surface, Size2D size)
     }
 
     u32 swapchainImageCount = 3;
-    if (surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount > 0)
-    {
-        swapchainImageCount =
-            glm::clamp(swapchainImageCount, surfaceCapabilities.minImageCount, surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount);
-    }
+    u32 maxImageCount =
+        glm::max(swapchainImageCount, glm::max(surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount, surfaceCapabilities.minImageCount));
+    swapchainImageCount = glm::clamp(swapchainImageCount, surfaceCapabilities.minImageCount, maxImageCount);
 
     // TODO: Note that different queues might need the images to be shared.
 
-    const vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR swapchainCreateInfo = {
-        .surface = surface->m_Surface,
+    vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR const swapchainCreateInfo = {
+        .surface = surface.m_Surface,
         .minImageCount = swapchainImageCount,
         .imageFormat = m_Format,
         .imageColorSpace = swapchainColorSpace,
@@ -120,28 +117,30 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Surface *surface, Size2D size)
     };
 
     vk::Device device = m_Device->m_Device;
+    NameString name = "Swapchain of ";
+    name += m_Device->m_Name;
 
     vk::SwapchainKHR swapchain;
     vk::Result result = device.createSwapchainKHR(&swapchainCreateInfo, nullptr, &swapchain);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Swapchain {} creation failed. Cause {}", m_Name, result)
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "'{}' creation failed. Cause {}", name, result)
     THEN_ABORT(result)
-    ELSE_DEBUG("Created Swapchain '{}'", m_Name);
+    ELSE_DEBUG("Created '{}'", name);
 
     // Irrelevant on the first run. Required for re-creation.
     Cleanup();
 
     m_Swapchain = swapchain;
 
-    m_Device->SetName(m_Swapchain, m_Name.data());
+    m_Device->SetName(m_Swapchain, m_Device->m_Name.data());
 
     result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(m_Swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, nullptr);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed getting swapchain {}'s images. Cause {}", m_Name, result)
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed getting {}'s images. Cause {}", name, result)
     THEN_ABORT(result);
 
     // Managed by the Swapchain.
-    m_Images.resize(swapchainImageCount);
+    m_Images.resize(swapchainImageCount, nullptr);
     result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(m_Swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, m_Images.data());
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed getting swapchain {}'s images. Cause {}", m_Name, result)
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed getting {}'s images. Cause {}", name, result)
     THEN_ABORT(result);
 
     vk::ImageViewCreateInfo viewCreateInfo = {
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Surface *surface, Size2D size)
 
         vk::ImageView imageView;
         result = device.createImageView(&viewCreateInfo, nullptr, &imageView);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed creating swapchain {}'s image view [{}]. Cause {}", m_Name, index, result)
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Failed creating {}'s image view [{}]. Cause {}", name, index, result)
         THEN_ABORT(result);
 
         m_ImageViews.push_back(imageView);
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Surface *surface, Size2D size)
         ++index;
     }
 
-    DEBUG("Swapchain {} Image Views created.", m_Name);
+    DEBUG("{} Image Views created.", name);
 
     for (auto &callback : m_ResizeCallbacks)
     {
@@ -184,24 +183,31 @@ Swapchain::Create(const Surface *surface, Size2D size)
 void
 Swapchain::RegisterResizeCallback(FnResizeCallback &&callback)
 {
-    m_ResizeCallbacks.emplace_back(callback);
+    m_ResizeCallbacks.emplace_back(std::move(callback));
 }
 
 void
 Swapchain::Cleanup()
 {
-    if (!m_ImageViews.empty()) // Don't want the condition in the logs.
-        DEBUG("Swapchain {} Image Views destroyed.", m_Name);
-    for (const auto imageView : m_ImageViews)
+    if (!m_Swapchain)
+        return;
+
+    NameString name = "Swapchain of ";
+    name += m_Device->m_Name;
+
+    for (auto const imageView : m_ImageViews)
     {
         m_Device->m_Device.destroy(imageView, nullptr);
     }
+    if (!m_ImageViews.empty()) // Don't want the condition in the logs.
+        DEBUG("Swapchain {} Image Views destroyed.", name);
     m_ImageViews.clear();
+    m_Images.clear();
     if (m_Swapchain)
     {
         m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_Swapchain, nullptr);
         m_Swapchain = nullptr;
-        DEBUG("Swapchain '{}' destroyed.", m_Name);
+        DEBUG("Swapchain '{}' destroyed.", name);
     }
 }
 

aster/src/aster/core/window.cpp

@@ -1,16 +1,40 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: window.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "core/window.h"
 
-#include "core/context.h"
+#include "core/instance.h"
 #include "util/logger.h"
 
 std::atomic_uint64_t Window::m_WindowCount = 0;
 std::atomic_bool Window::m_IsGlfwInit = false;
 
+void
+Window::SetupLibrary()
+{
+    if (!m_IsGlfwInit)
+    {
+        if (!glfwInit())
+        {
+            char const *error = nullptr;
+            auto const code = glfwGetError(&error);
+            ERROR("GLFW Init failed. Cause: ({}) {}", code, error)
+            THEN_ABORT(code);
+        }
+        m_WindowCount = 0;
+        m_IsGlfwInit = true;
+    }
+}
+
+cstr *
+Window::GetInstanceExtensions(u32 *extensionCount)
+{
+    SetupLibrary();
+    return glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(extensionCount);
+}
+
 void
 Window::RequestExit() const noexcept
 {
@@ -18,15 +42,15 @@ Window::RequestExit() const noexcept
 }
 
 void
-Window::SetWindowSize(const vk::Extent2D &extent) const noexcept
+Window::SetWindowSize(vk::Extent2D const &extent) const noexcept
 {
     SetWindowSize(extent.width, extent.height);
 }
 
 void
-Window::SetWindowSize(const u32 width, const u32 height) const noexcept
+Window::SetWindowSize(u32 const width, u32 const height) const noexcept
 {
-    glfwSetWindowSize(m_Window, Cast<i32>(width), Cast<i32>(height));
+    glfwSetWindowSize(m_Window, static_cast<i32>(width), static_cast<i32>(height));
 }
 
 Size2D
@@ -35,25 +59,14 @@ Window::GetSize() const
     int width;
     int height;
     glfwGetFramebufferSize(m_Window, &width, &height);
-    return {Cast<u32>(width), Cast<u32>(height)};
+    return {static_cast<u32>(width), static_cast<u32>(height)};
 }
 
-Window::Window(const cstr title, Size2D extent, const b8 isFullScreen)
+Window::Window(cstr const title, Size2D extent, b8 const isFullScreen)
 {
     m_Name = title;
 
-    if (!m_IsGlfwInit)
-    {
-        if (!glfwInit())
-        {
-            const char *error = nullptr;
-            const auto code = glfwGetError(&error);
-            ERROR("GLFW Init failed. Cause: ({}) {}", code, error)
-            THEN_ABORT(code);
-        }
-        m_WindowCount = 0;
-        m_IsGlfwInit = true;
-    }
+    SetupLibrary();
 
     GLFWmonitor *monitor = glfwGetPrimaryMonitor();
     ERROR_IF(!monitor, "No monitor found");
@@ -64,22 +77,22 @@ Window::Window(const cstr title, Size2D extent, const b8 isFullScreen)
     glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
     glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CENTER_CURSOR, GLFW_TRUE);
 
-    m_Window = glfwCreateWindow(Cast<i32>(extent.m_Width), Cast<i32>(extent.m_Height), m_Name.c_str(),
+    m_Window = glfwCreateWindow(static_cast<i32>(extent.m_Width), static_cast<i32>(extent.m_Height), m_Name.c_str(),
                                 isFullScreen ? monitor : nullptr, nullptr);
     ERROR_IF(m_Window == nullptr, "Window creation failed")
     ELSE_DEBUG("Window '{}' created with resolution '{}x{}'", m_Name, extent.m_Width, extent.m_Height);
     if (m_Window == nullptr)
     {
-        const char *error = nullptr;
-        const auto code = glfwGetError(&error);
+        char const *error = nullptr;
+        auto const code = glfwGetError(&error);
         ERROR("GLFW Window Creation failed. Cause: ({}) {}", code, error)
         THEN_ABORT(code);
     }
 
     if (isFullScreen == false)
     {
-        glfwSetWindowPos(m_Window, Cast<i32>(windowWidth - extent.m_Width) / 2,
-                         Cast<i32>(windowHeight - extent.m_Height) / 2);
+        glfwSetWindowPos(m_Window, static_cast<i32>(windowWidth - extent.m_Width) / 2,
+                         static_cast<i32>(windowHeight - extent.m_Height) / 2);
     }
     glfwSetInputMode(m_Window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_NORMAL);
 
@@ -96,7 +109,7 @@ Window::~Window()
         --m_WindowCount;
     }
 
-    if (m_WindowCount== 0 && m_IsGlfwInit)
+    if (m_WindowCount == 0 && m_IsGlfwInit)
     {
         glfwTerminate();
         m_IsGlfwInit = false;

aster/src/aster/systems/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 
 target_sources(aster_core
 PRIVATE
-"manager.cpp"
-"buffer_manager.cpp"
-"image_manager.cpp"
-"render_resource_manager.cpp")
+"rendering_device.cpp"
+"commit_manager.cpp"
+"pipeline_helpers.cpp"
+"context.cpp"
+"sync_server.cpp")

aster/src/aster/systems/buffer_manager.cpp

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: buffer_manager.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#include "systems/buffer_manager.h"
-
-Manager<Buffer> *Manager<Buffer>::m_Instance = nullptr;
-
-using namespace systems;
-
-BufferHandle
-BufferManager::CreateStorageBuffer(const usize size, const cstr name)
-{
-    auto [handle, object] = Alloc();
-
-    // TODO: Storage and Index buffer are set.
-    // This is hacky and should be improved.
-    constexpr vk::BufferUsageFlags usage = vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eStorageBuffer | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer |
-                                       vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eShaderDeviceAddress;
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateFlags createFlags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT |
-                                                     VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_ALLOW_TRANSFER_INSTEAD_BIT |
-                                                     VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
-    constexpr VmaMemoryUsage memoryUsage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
-    object->Allocate(m_Device, size, usage, createFlags, memoryUsage, name);
-
-    return std::move(handle);
-}
-
-Manager<Buffer>::Handle
-BufferManager::CreateUniformBuffer(const usize size, const cstr name)
-{
-    auto [handle, object] = Alloc();
-
-    constexpr vk::BufferUsageFlags usage = vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer;
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateFlags createFlags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT |
-                                                     VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_ALLOW_TRANSFER_INSTEAD_BIT |
-                                                     VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
-    constexpr VmaMemoryUsage memoryUsage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
-    object->Allocate(m_Device, size, usage, createFlags, memoryUsage, name);
-
-    return std::move(handle);
-}
-
-BufferManager::BufferManager(const Device *device, const u32 maxCount, const u8 binding)
-    : Manager{device, maxCount, binding}
-{
-}

aster/src/aster/systems/commit_manager.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: render_resource_manager.cpp
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#include "systems/commit_manager.h"
+
+#include "EASTL/array.h"
+#include "core/device.h"
+#include "core/image_view.h"
+#include "systems/rendering_device.h"
+
+using namespace systems;
+
+CommitManager *CommitManager::m_Instance = nullptr;
+
+CommitManager::CommitManager(RenderingDevice const *device, u32 const maxBuffers, u32 const maxImages,
+                             u32 const maxStorageImages, Ref<Sampler> defaultSampler)
+    : m_Device{device}
+    , m_Buffers{maxBuffers}
+    , m_Images{maxImages}
+    , m_StorageImages{maxStorageImages}
+    , m_DefaultSampler{std::move(defaultSampler)}
+{
+    assert(!m_Instance);
+
+    eastl::array poolSizes = {
+        vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
+            .type = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
+            .descriptorCount = maxBuffers,
+        },
+        vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
+            .type = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
+            .descriptorCount = maxImages,
+        },
+        vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
+            .type = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
+            .descriptorCount = maxStorageImages,
+        },
+    };
+
+    vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo const poolCreateInfo = {
+        .flags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBind,
+        .maxSets = 1,
+        .poolSizeCount = static_cast<u32>(poolSizes.size()),
+        .pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data(),
+    };
+    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device->createDescriptorPool(&poolCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_DescriptorPool));
+
+    eastl::array descriptorLayoutBindings = {
+        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
+            .binding = BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX,
+            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
+            .descriptorCount = static_cast<u32>(maxBuffers),
+            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
+        },
+        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
+            .binding = IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX,
+            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
+            .descriptorCount = static_cast<u32>(maxImages),
+            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
+        },
+        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
+            .binding = STORAGE_IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX,
+            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
+            .descriptorCount = static_cast<u32>(maxStorageImages),
+            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
+        },
+    };
+
+    vk::DescriptorBindingFlags bindingFlags =
+        vk::DescriptorBindingFlagBits::ePartiallyBound | vk::DescriptorBindingFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBind;
+
+    eastl::array<vk::DescriptorBindingFlags, descriptorLayoutBindings.size()> layoutBindingFlags;
+    layoutBindingFlags.fill(bindingFlags);
+
+    vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBindingFlagsCreateInfo bindingFlagsCreateInfo = {
+        .bindingCount = static_cast<u32>(layoutBindingFlags.size()),
+        .pBindingFlags = layoutBindingFlags.data(),
+    };
+
+    static_assert(layoutBindingFlags.size() == descriptorLayoutBindings.size());
+    vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo const descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo = {
+        .pNext = &bindingFlagsCreateInfo,
+        .flags = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBindPool,
+        .bindingCount = static_cast<u32>(descriptorLayoutBindings.size()),
+        .pBindings = descriptorLayoutBindings.data(),
+    };
+    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device->createDescriptorSetLayout(&descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_SetLayout));
+
+    // One descriptor is enough. Updating it at any time is safe. (Update until submit, data held when pending)
+    // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing.html
+    // https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Guide/blob/main/chapters/extensions/VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing.adoc
+    vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo const descriptorSetAllocateInfo = {
+        .descriptorPool = m_DescriptorPool,
+        .descriptorSetCount = 1,
+        .pSetLayouts = &m_SetLayout,
+    };
+    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device->allocateDescriptorSets(&descriptorSetAllocateInfo, &m_DescriptorSet));
+
+    device->SetName(m_SetLayout, "Bindless Layout");
+    device->SetName(m_DescriptorPool, "Bindless Pool");
+    device->SetName(m_DescriptorSet, "Bindless Set");
+
+    m_Instance = this;
+}
+
+CommitManager::~CommitManager()
+{
+    m_Device->m_Device->destroy(m_SetLayout, nullptr);
+    m_Device->m_Device->destroy(m_DescriptorPool, nullptr);
+
+#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
+    u32 bufferCount = 0;
+    for (auto const &entry : m_Buffers.m_Data)
+    {
+        bufferCount += entry.m_CommitCount;
+    }
+    u32 imageCount = 0;
+    for (auto const &entry : m_Images.m_Data)
+    {
+        imageCount += entry.m_CommitCount;
+    }
+    if (bufferCount > 0 || imageCount > 0)
+    {
+        WARN("Committed resources at destruction. Buffers: {}, Images: {}", bufferCount, imageCount);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+ResId<Buffer>
+CommitManager::CommitBuffer(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer)
+{
+    auto [commit, isNew] = m_Buffers.Create(buffer);
+
+    if (!isNew)
+        return commit;
+
+    m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo{
+        .buffer = buffer->m_Buffer,
+        .offset = 0,
+        .range = buffer->m_Size,
+    });
+    m_Writes.push_back({
+        .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
+        .dstBinding = BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX,
+        .dstArrayElement = commit.m_Index,
+        .descriptorCount = 1,
+        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
+        .pBufferInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uBufferInfo,
+    });
+
+    return commit;
+}
+
+ResId<StorageImageView>
+CommitManager::CommitStorageImage(Ref<StorageImageView> const &image)
+{
+    auto [commit, isNew] = m_StorageImages.Create(image);
+    if (!isNew)
+        return commit;
+
+    m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
+        .sampler = nullptr,
+        .imageView = image->m_View,
+        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
+    });
+    m_Writes.push_back({
+        .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
+        .dstBinding = STORAGE_IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX,
+        .dstArrayElement = commit.m_Index,
+        .descriptorCount = 1,
+        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
+        .pImageInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uImageInfo,
+    });
+
+    return commit;
+}
+
+ResId<TextureView>
+CommitManager::CommitTexture(Ref<TextureView> const &handle)
+{
+    return CommitTexture(handle, m_DefaultSampler);
+}
+
+ResId<TextureView>
+CommitManager::CommitTexture(Ref<TextureView> const &image, Ref<Sampler> const &sampler)
+{
+    auto [commit, isNew] = m_Images.Create(image);
+    if (!isNew)
+        return commit;
+
+    m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
+        .sampler = sampler->m_Sampler,
+        .imageView = image->m_View,
+        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
+    });
+    m_Writes.push_back({
+        .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
+        .dstBinding = IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX,
+        .dstArrayElement = commit.m_Index,
+        .descriptorCount = 1,
+        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
+        .pImageInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uImageInfo,
+    });
+
+    return commit;
+}
+
+CommitManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo const &info)
+    : uBufferInfo{info}
+{
+}
+
+CommitManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorImageInfo const &info)
+    : uImageInfo{info}
+{
+}
+
+CommitManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::BufferView const &info)
+    : uBufferView{info}
+{
+}
+
+void
+CommitManager::Update()
+{
+    // Descriptor Updates
+    if (!m_Writes.empty())
+    {
+        m_Device->m_Device->updateDescriptorSets(static_cast<u32>(m_Writes.size()), m_Writes.data(), 0, nullptr);
+
+        m_Writes.clear();
+        m_WriteInfos.clear();
+    }
+
+    m_Buffers.Update();
+    m_Images.Update();
+}

aster/src/aster/systems/context.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: context.cpp
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#include "aster/systems/context.h"
+
+#include "aster/systems/commit_manager.h"
+#include "aster/systems/rendering_device.h"
+
+constexpr static u32
+GetFormatSize(vk::Format const format)
+{
+    switch (format)
+    {
+    case vk::Format::eUndefined:
+        return 0;
+    case vk::Format::eR8Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR8Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR8Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR8Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR8Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR8Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR8Srgb:
+        return 1;
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8Srgb:
+        return 2;
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8Srgb:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8Srgb:
+        return 3;
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Srgb:
+        return 4;
+    case vk::Format::eR16Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR16Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR16Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR16Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR16Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR16Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR16Sfloat:
+        return 2;
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16Sfloat:
+        return 4;
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16Sfloat:
+        return 6;
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Unorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Snorm:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Uscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sscaled:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat:
+        return 8;
+    case vk::Format::eR32Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR32Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR32Sfloat:
+        return 4;
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32Sfloat:
+        return 8;
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32B32Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat:
+        return 12;
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32B32A32Uint:
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32B32A32Sint:
+    case vk::Format::eR32G32B32A32Sfloat:
+        return 16;
+    case vk::Format::eD16Unorm:
+        return 2;
+    case vk::Format::eD32Sfloat:
+        return 4;
+    case vk::Format::eS8Uint:
+        return 1;
+    case vk::Format::eD16UnormS8Uint:
+        return 6;
+    case vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint:
+        return 4;
+    case vk::Format::eD32SfloatS8Uint:
+        return 5;
+    default:
+        TODO("Esoteric Formats");
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void
+systems::Context::KeepAlive(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer)
+{
+    assert(m_Pool);
+    m_Pool->KeepAlive(buffer);
+}
+
+void
+systems::Context::KeepAlive(Ref<Image> const &image)
+{
+    assert(m_Pool);
+    m_Pool->KeepAlive(image);
+}
+
+void
+systems::Context::KeepAlive(Ref<ImageView> const &view)
+{
+    assert(m_Pool);
+    m_Pool->KeepAlive(view);
+}
+
+void
+systems::Context::Dependency(vk::DependencyInfo const &dependencyInfo)
+{
+    m_Cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&dependencyInfo);
+}
+
+void
+systems::Context::Begin()
+{
+    vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo commandBufferBeginInfo = {
+        .flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit,
+    };
+
+    auto result = m_Cmd.begin(&commandBufferBeginInfo);
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not begin context") THEN_ABORT(result);
+}
+
+// Release versions inline 'no-op'.
+#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
+void
+systems::Context::BeginDebugRegion(cstr const name, vec4 const color)
+{
+    vk::DebugUtilsLabelEXT const label = {
+        .pLabelName = name,
+        .color = std::array{color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a},
+    };
+    m_Cmd.beginDebugUtilsLabelEXT(&label);
+}
+
+void
+systems::Context::EndDebugRegion()
+{
+    m_Cmd.endDebugUtilsLabelEXT();
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+systems::Context::End()
+{
+    auto result = m_Cmd.end();
+    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not end context") THEN_ABORT(result);
+}
+
+void
+systems::ComputeContext::Dispatch(Pipeline const &pipeline, u32 x, u32 y, u32 z, usize size, void *data)
+{
+    BindPipeline(pipeline);
+    PushConstantBlock(0, size, data);
+
+    m_Cmd.dispatch(x, y, z);
+}
+
+void
+systems::ComputeContext::BindPipeline(Pipeline const &pipeline)
+{
+    auto bindPoint = vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics;
+    switch (pipeline.m_Kind)
+    {
+    case Pipeline::Kind::eGraphics:
+        bindPoint = vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics;
+        break;
+    case Pipeline::Kind::eCompute:
+        bindPoint = vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute;
+        break;
+    default:
+        UNREACHABLE("No additional bind points");
+    }
+    m_Cmd.bindPipeline(bindPoint, pipeline.m_Pipeline);
+
+    // TODO: Maybe find a smarter place to host this.
+    if (CommitManager::IsInit())
+    {
+        m_Cmd.bindDescriptorSets(bindPoint, pipeline.m_Layout, 0, 1, &CommitManager::Instance().GetDescriptorSet(), 0,
+                                 nullptr);
+    }
+
+    m_PipelineInUse = &pipeline;
+}
+
+void
+systems::GraphicsContext::SetViewport(vk::Viewport const &viewport)
+{
+    m_Cmd.setViewport(0, 1, &viewport);
+}
+
+void
+systems::GraphicsContext::BindVertexBuffer(Ref<VertexBuffer> const &vertexBuffer)
+{
+    constexpr vk::DeviceSize offset = 0;
+    m_Cmd.bindVertexBuffers(0, 1, &vertexBuffer->m_Buffer, &offset);
+}
+
+void
+systems::GraphicsContext::BindIndexBuffer(Ref<IndexBuffer> const &indexBuffer)
+{
+    m_Cmd.bindIndexBuffer(indexBuffer->m_Buffer, 0, vk::IndexType::eUint32);
+}
+
+void
+systems::GraphicsContext::Draw(usize const vertexCount)
+{
+    m_Cmd.draw(static_cast<u32>(vertexCount), 1, 0, 0);
+}
+
+void
+systems::GraphicsContext::DrawIndexed(usize indexCount)
+{
+    m_Cmd.drawIndexed(static_cast<u32>(indexCount), 1, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+
+void
+systems::GraphicsContext::DrawIndexed(usize const indexCount, usize const firstIndex, usize const firstVertex)
+{
+    m_Cmd.drawIndexed(static_cast<u32>(indexCount), 1, static_cast<u32>(firstIndex), static_cast<i32>(firstVertex), 0);
+}
+
+void
+systems::GraphicsContext::BeginRendering(vk::RenderingInfo const &renderingInfo)
+{
+    m_Cmd.beginRendering(&renderingInfo);
+    m_Cmd.setScissor(0, 1, &renderingInfo.renderArea);
+}
+
+void
+systems::GraphicsContext::EndRendering()
+{
+    m_Cmd.endRendering();
+}
+
+void
+systems::TransferContext::UploadTexture(Ref<Image> const &image, eastl::span<u8> const &data)
+{
+    ERROR_IF(not(image and image->IsValid()), "Invalid image");
+
+    auto [w, h, d] = image->m_Extent;
+    auto formatSize = GetFormatSize(image->m_Format);
+    auto expectedByteSize = static_cast<u64>(w) * static_cast<u64>(h) * static_cast<u64>(d) * formatSize;
+    ERROR_IF(expectedByteSize != data.size_bytes(), "Mismatch in data size {} vs image size {} ({}x{}x{}x{})",
+             data.size_bytes(), expectedByteSize, w, h, d, formatSize);
+
+    Ref<StagingBuffer> const stagingBuffer = m_Pool->GetDevice().CreateStagingBuffer(data.size_bytes());
+    stagingBuffer->Write(0, data.size_bytes(), data.data());
+
+    vk::BufferImageCopy const bufferImageCopy = {
+        .bufferOffset = 0,
+        .bufferRowLength = w,
+        .bufferImageHeight = h,
+        .imageSubresource =
+            {
+                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+                .mipLevel = 0,
+                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+                .layerCount = 1,
+            },
+        .imageOffset = {},
+        .imageExtent = image->m_Extent,
+    };
+    m_Cmd.copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer->m_Buffer, image->m_Image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1,
+                            &bufferImageCopy);
+
+    KeepAlive(stagingBuffer);
+    KeepAlive(image);
+}
+
+void
+systems::TransferContext::UploadBuffer(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer, usize size, void const *data)
+{
+    ERROR_IF(not(buffer and buffer->IsValid()), "Invalid buffer");
+
+    auto expectedByteSize = buffer->m_Size;
+    ERROR_IF(expectedByteSize != size, "Mismatch in data size {} vs buffer size {}", size, expectedByteSize);
+
+    Ref<StagingBuffer> const stagingBuffer = m_Pool->GetDevice().CreateStagingBuffer(size);
+    stagingBuffer->Write(0, size, data);
+
+    vk::BufferCopy const bufferCopy = {.srcOffset = 0, .dstOffset = 0, .size = expectedByteSize};
+
+    m_Cmd.copyBuffer(stagingBuffer->m_Buffer, buffer->m_Buffer, 1, &bufferCopy);
+
+    KeepAlive(stagingBuffer);
+    KeepAlive(buffer);
+}
+
+void
+systems::TransferContext::Blit(vk::BlitImageInfo2 const &mipBlitInfo)
+{
+    m_Cmd.blitImage2(&mipBlitInfo);
+}
+
+systems::TransferContext::TransferContext(TransferContext &&other) noexcept
+    : Context{std::move(other)}
+{
+}
+
+systems::TransferContext &
+systems::TransferContext::operator=(TransferContext &&other) noexcept
+{
+    if (this == &other)
+        return *this;
+    Context::operator=(std::move(other));
+    return *this;
+}
+
+void
+systems::ComputeContext::PushConstantBlock(usize const offset, usize const size, void const *data)
+{
+    assert(m_PipelineInUse);
+
+    vk::ShaderStageFlags stage;
+    switch (m_PipelineInUse->m_Kind)
+    {
+    case Pipeline::Kind::eGraphics:
+        stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll;
+        break;
+    case Pipeline::Kind::eCompute:
+        stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    m_Cmd.pushConstants(m_PipelineInUse->m_Layout, stage, static_cast<u32>(offset), static_cast<u32>(size), data);
+}
+
+using namespace systems::_internal;
+
+ContextPool::ContextPool(RenderingDevice &device, u32 const queueFamilyIndex, ManagedBy const managedBy)
+    : m_Device{&device}
+    , m_BuffersAllocated{0}
+    , m_ExtraData{0}
+    , m_ManagedBy{managedBy}
+    , m_ResetCallback{}
+{
+    vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo const commandPoolCreateInfo = {
+        .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eTransient,
+        .queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndex,
+    };
+    AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device->createCommandPool(&commandPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_Pool));
+}
+
+ContextPool::ContextPool(ContextPool &&other) noexcept
+    : m_Device{other.m_Device}
+    , m_Pool{Take(other.m_Pool)}
+    , m_CommandBuffers{std::move(other.m_CommandBuffers)}
+    , m_BuffersAllocated{other.m_BuffersAllocated}
+    , m_ExtraData{other.m_ExtraData}
+    , m_ManagedBy{other.m_ManagedBy}
+    , m_OwnedBuffers{std::move(other.m_OwnedBuffers)}
+    , m_OwnedImages{std::move(other.m_OwnedImages)}
+    , m_OwnedImageViews{std::move(other.m_OwnedImageViews)}
+    , m_ResetCallback{std::move(other.m_ResetCallback)}
+{
+}
+
+ContextPool &
+ContextPool::operator=(ContextPool &&other) noexcept
+{
+    if (this == &other)
+        return *this;
+    using eastl::swap;
+    swap(m_Device, other.m_Device);
+    swap(m_Pool, other.m_Pool);
+    swap(m_CommandBuffers, other.m_CommandBuffers);
+    swap(m_ExtraData, other.m_ExtraData);
+    swap(m_ManagedBy, other.m_ManagedBy);
+    swap(m_BuffersAllocated, other.m_BuffersAllocated);
+    swap(m_OwnedBuffers, other.m_OwnedBuffers);
+    swap(m_OwnedImages, other.m_OwnedImages);
+    swap(m_OwnedImageViews, other.m_OwnedImageViews);
+    swap(m_ResetCallback, other.m_ResetCallback);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+ContextPool::~ContextPool()
+{
+    if (!m_Pool)
+        return;
+
+    m_Device->m_Device->destroy(Take(m_Pool), nullptr);
+}
+
+void
+ContextPool::KeepAlive(Ref<Buffer> const &buffer)
+{
+    m_OwnedBuffers.push_back(buffer);
+}
+
+void
+ContextPool::KeepAlive(Ref<Image> const &image)
+{
+    m_OwnedImages.push_back(image);
+}
+
+void
+ContextPool::KeepAlive(Ref<ImageView> const &view)
+{
+    m_OwnedImageViews.push_back(view);
+}
+
+vk::CommandBuffer
+ContextPool::AllocateCommandBuffer()
+{
+    // Buffers are available.
+    if (m_BuffersAllocated < m_CommandBuffers.size())
+    {
+        return m_CommandBuffers[m_BuffersAllocated++];
+    }
+
+    // Allocate New Buffer.
+    vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo const allocateInfo = {
+        .commandPool = m_Pool,
+        .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
+        .commandBufferCount = 1,
+    };
+    vk::CommandBuffer &cmd = m_CommandBuffers.emplace_back();
+    AbortIfFailed(m_Device->m_Device->allocateCommandBuffers(&allocateInfo, &cmd));
+    ++m_BuffersAllocated;
+
+    return cmd;
+}
+
+systems::Context
+ContextPool::CreateContext()
+{
+    return Context{*this, AllocateCommandBuffer()};
+}
+
+void
+ContextPool::Reset()
+{
+    assert(m_Pool);
+
+    AbortIfFailed(m_Device->m_Device->resetCommandPool(m_Pool, {}));
+    m_BuffersAllocated = 0;
+
+    m_OwnedBuffers.clear();
+    m_OwnedImages.clear();
+    m_OwnedImageViews.clear();
+}
+
+systems::TransferContext
+TransferContextPool::CreateTransferContext()
+{
+    return TransferContext{*this, AllocateCommandBuffer()};
+}
+
+systems::ComputeContext
+ComputeContextPool::CreateComputeContext()
+{
+    return ComputeContext{*this, AllocateCommandBuffer()};
+}
+
+systems::GraphicsContext
+GraphicsContextPool::CreateGraphicsContext()
+{
+    return GraphicsContext{*this, AllocateCommandBuffer()};
+}

aster/src/aster/systems/image_manager.cpp

@@ -1,316 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: buffer_manager.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#include "systems/image_manager.h"
-
-#include "core/device.h"
-
-Manager<Image> *Manager<Image>::m_Instance = nullptr;
-
-using namespace systems;
-
-vk::ImageCreateInfo ToImageCreateInfo(const Texture2DCreateInfo &createInfo);
-vk::ImageCreateInfo ToImageCreateInfo(const TextureCubeCreateInfo &createInfo);
-vk::ImageCreateInfo ToImageCreateInfo(const AttachmentCreateInfo &createInfo);
-vk::ImageCreateInfo ToImageCreateInfo(const DepthStencilImageCreateInfo &createInfo);
-
-namespace usage_flags
-{
-constexpr vk::ImageUsageFlags MIPMAP = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-constexpr vk::ImageUsageFlags SAMPLE = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst;
-constexpr vk::ImageUsageFlags STORAGE =
-    vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eStorage | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc;
-constexpr vk::ImageUsageFlags COLOR_ATTACHMENT =
-    vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc;
-constexpr vk::ImageUsageFlags DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment;
-} // namespace usage_flags
-
-ImageHandle
-ImageManager::CreateTexture2D(const Texture2DCreateInfo &createInfo)
-{
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = {},
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = ToImageCreateInfo(createInfo);
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(m_Device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", createInfo.m_Name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    const vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
-        .format = imageCreateInfo.format,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = imageCreateInfo.mipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers,
-            },
-    };
-    result = m_Device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", createInfo.m_Name, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    auto [handle, object] = Alloc();
-    object->m_Image = image;
-    object->m_View = view;
-    object->m_Allocation = allocation;
-    object->m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    object->m_Flags_ = Image::OWNED_BIT | Image::VALID_BIT;
-    object->m_LayerCount = Cast<u8>(imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers);
-    object->m_MipLevels = Cast<u8>(imageCreateInfo.mipLevels);
-
-    m_Device->SetName(object->m_Image, createInfo.m_Name);
-
-    return handle;
-}
-
-ImageHandle
-ImageManager::CreateTextureCube(const TextureCubeCreateInfo &createInfo)
-{
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = {},
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = ToImageCreateInfo(createInfo);
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(m_Device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", createInfo.m_Name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    const vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::eCube,
-        .format = imageCreateInfo.format,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = imageCreateInfo.mipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers,
-            },
-    };
-    result = m_Device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", createInfo.m_Name, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    auto [handle, object] = Alloc();
-    object->m_Image = image;
-    object->m_View = view;
-    object->m_Allocation = allocation;
-    object->m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    object->m_Flags_ = Image::OWNED_BIT | Image::VALID_BIT;
-    object->m_LayerCount = Cast<u8>(imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers);
-    object->m_MipLevels = Cast<u8>(imageCreateInfo.mipLevels);
-
-    m_Device->SetName(object->m_Image, createInfo.m_Name);
-
-    return handle;
-}
-
-ImageHandle
-ImageManager::CreateAttachment(const AttachmentCreateInfo &createInfo)
-{
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT,
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = ToImageCreateInfo(createInfo);
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(m_Device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", createInfo.m_Name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    const vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
-        .format = imageCreateInfo.format,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = imageCreateInfo.mipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers,
-            },
-    };
-    result = m_Device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", createInfo.m_Name, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    auto [handle, object] = Alloc();
-    object->m_Image = image;
-    object->m_View = view;
-    object->m_Allocation = allocation;
-    object->m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    object->m_Flags_ = Image::OWNED_BIT | Image::VALID_BIT;
-    object->m_LayerCount = Cast<u8>(imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers);
-    object->m_MipLevels = Cast<u8>(imageCreateInfo.mipLevels);
-
-    m_Device->SetName(object->m_Image, createInfo.m_Name);
-
-    return handle;
-}
-
-ImageHandle
-ImageManager::CreateDepthStencilImage(const DepthStencilImageCreateInfo &createInfo)
-{
-    constexpr VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT,
-        .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO,
-    };
-
-    VkImage image;
-    VmaAllocation allocation;
-    vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = ToImageCreateInfo(createInfo);
-    auto result = Cast<vk::Result>(vmaCreateImage(m_Device->m_Allocator, Recast<VkImageCreateInfo *>(&imageCreateInfo),
-                                                  &allocationCreateInfo, &image, &allocation, nullptr));
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not allocate image {}. Cause: {}", createInfo.m_Name, result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    vk::ImageView view;
-    const vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-        .image = image,
-        .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
-        .format = imageCreateInfo.format,
-        .components = {},
-        .subresourceRange =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth | vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eStencil,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = imageCreateInfo.mipLevels,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers,
-            },
-    };
-    result = m_Device->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create image view {}. Cause: {}", createInfo.m_Name, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    auto [handle, object] = Alloc();
-    object->m_Image = image;
-    object->m_View = view;
-    object->m_Allocation = allocation;
-    object->m_Extent = imageCreateInfo.extent;
-    object->m_Flags_ = Image::OWNED_BIT | Image::VALID_BIT;
-    object->m_LayerCount = Cast<u8>(imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers);
-    object->m_MipLevels = Cast<u8>(imageCreateInfo.mipLevels);
-
-    m_Device->SetName(object->m_Image, createInfo.m_Name);
-
-    return handle;
-}
-
-vk::ImageCreateInfo
-ToImageCreateInfo(const Texture2DCreateInfo &createInfo)
-{
-    auto &[format, extent, name, isSampled, isMipMapped, isStorage] = createInfo;
-
-    WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width) || !IsPowerOfTwo(extent.width), "Image {2} is {0}x{1} (Non Power of Two)",
-            extent.width, extent.height, name ? name : "<unnamed>");
-
-    const u8 mipLevels = isMipMapped ? 1 + Cast<u8>(floor(log2(eastl::max(extent.width, extent.height)))) : 1;
-
-    auto usage = vk::ImageUsageFlags{};
-    if (isSampled)
-        usage |= usage_flags::SAMPLE;
-    if (isMipMapped)
-        usage |= usage_flags::MIPMAP;
-    if (isStorage)
-        usage |= usage_flags::STORAGE;
-
-    return {
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = format,
-        .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
-        .mipLevels = mipLevels,
-        .arrayLayers = 1,
-        .usage = usage,
-    };
-}
-
-vk::ImageCreateInfo
-ToImageCreateInfo(const TextureCubeCreateInfo &createInfo)
-{
-    auto &[format, side, name, isSampled, isMipMapped, isStorage] = createInfo;
-
-    WARN_IF(!IsPowerOfTwo(side), "ImageCube {1} is {0}x{0} (Non Power of Two)", side, name ? name : "<unnamed>");
-
-    const u8 mipLevels = isMipMapped ? 1 + Cast<u8>(floor(log2(side))) : 1;
-
-    auto usage = vk::ImageUsageFlags{};
-    if (isSampled)
-        usage |= usage_flags::SAMPLE;
-    if (isMipMapped)
-        usage |= usage_flags::MIPMAP;
-    if (isStorage)
-        usage |= usage_flags::STORAGE;
-
-    return {
-        .flags = vk::ImageCreateFlagBits::eCubeCompatible,
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = format,
-        .extent = {side, side, 1},
-        .mipLevels = mipLevels,
-        .arrayLayers = 6,
-        .usage = usage,
-    };
-}
-
-vk::ImageCreateInfo
-ToImageCreateInfo(const AttachmentCreateInfo &createInfo)
-{
-    auto &[format, extent, name] = createInfo;
-
-    constexpr auto usage = usage_flags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT;
-
-    return {
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = format,
-        .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
-        .mipLevels = 1,
-        .arrayLayers = 1,
-        .usage = usage,
-    };
-}
-
-vk::ImageCreateInfo
-ToImageCreateInfo(const DepthStencilImageCreateInfo &createInfo)
-{
-    auto &[extent, name] = createInfo;
-
-    constexpr vk::Format format = vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint;
-    constexpr auto usage = usage_flags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
-
-    return {
-        .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
-        .format = format,
-        .extent = ToExtent3D(extent, 1),
-        .mipLevels = 1,
-        .arrayLayers = 1,
-        .usage = usage,
-    };
-}
-
-ImageManager::ImageManager(const Device *device, const u32 maxCount, const u8 binding)
-    : Manager{device, maxCount, binding}
-{
-}

aster/src/aster/systems/manager.cpp

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: manager.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#include "systems/manager.h"

aster/src/aster/systems/pipeline_helpers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: pipeline_helpers.cpp
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#include "systems/rendering_device.h"
+
+#include <aster/systems/pipeline_helpers.h>
+
+using namespace systems::_internal;
+
+struct WhatVisitor
+{
+    std::string
+    operator()(std::monostate) const
+    {
+        return "No Error";
+    }
+    std::string
+    operator()(vk::Result result) const
+    {
+        return fmt::format("Vulkan Error: {}", result);
+    }
+    std::string
+    operator()(SlangResult result) const
+    {
+        return fmt::format("Slang Error: {}", result);
+    }
+};
+
+struct ValueVisitor
+{
+    i32
+    operator()(std::monostate) const
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    i32
+    operator()(vk::Result result) const
+    {
+        return static_cast<i32>(result);
+    }
+    i32
+    operator()(SlangResult result) const
+    {
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+
+i32
+systems::PipelineCreationError::Value()
+{
+    return std::visit(ValueVisitor{}, m_Data);
+}
+
+systems::PipelineCreationError::PipelineCreationError(vk::Result res)
+    : m_Data{res}
+{
+}
+
+systems::PipelineCreationError::PipelineCreationError(SlangResult res)
+    : m_Data{res}
+{
+}
+
+systems::PipelineCreationError::PipelineCreationError()
+    : m_Data{std::monostate{}}
+{
+}
+
+systems::PipelineCreationError::operator bool() const
+{
+    return not std::holds_alternative<std::monostate>(m_Data);
+}
+
+std::string
+systems::PipelineCreationError::What()
+{
+    return std::visit(WhatVisitor{}, m_Data);
+}
+
+vk::ShaderStageFlagBits
+systems::SlangToVulkanShaderStage(SlangStage const stage)
+{
+    switch (stage)
+    {
+    case SLANG_STAGE_VERTEX:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_HULL:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eTessellationControl;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_DOMAIN:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eTessellationEvaluation;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_GEOMETRY:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eGeometry;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_FRAGMENT:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_COMPUTE:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_RAY_GENERATION:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eRaygenKHR;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_INTERSECTION:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eIntersectionKHR;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_ANY_HIT:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAnyHitKHR;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_CLOSEST_HIT:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eClosestHitKHR;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_MISS:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eMissKHR;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_CALLABLE:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCallableKHR;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_MESH:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eMeshEXT;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_AMPLIFICATION:
+        return vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eTaskEXT;
+    case SLANG_STAGE_NONE:
+    case SLANG_STAGE_COUNT:
+        UNREACHABLE();
+        return {};
+    }
+    UNREACHABLE();
+    return {};
+}
+
+PipelineLayoutBuilder::PipelineLayoutBuilder(RenderingDevice *device, vk::DescriptorSetLayout bindlessLayout)
+    : m_Device{device}
+    , m_DescriptorSetLayouts{bindlessLayout} // if `null` will be filtered out during build.
+{
+}
+
+vk::PipelineLayout
+PipelineLayoutBuilder::Build()
+{
+    vk::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
+
+    eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> filteredDescriptorSetLayouts;
+    filteredDescriptorSetLayouts.reserve(m_DescriptorSetLayouts.size());
+    for (auto dsl : m_DescriptorSetLayouts)
+    {
+        if (dsl)
+        {
+            filteredDescriptorSetLayouts.push_back(dsl);
+        }
+    }
+
+    vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo const createInfo = {
+        .setLayoutCount = static_cast<u32>(filteredDescriptorSetLayouts.size()),
+        .pSetLayouts = filteredDescriptorSetLayouts.data(),
+        .pushConstantRangeCount = static_cast<u32>(m_PushConstants.size()),
+        .pPushConstantRanges = m_PushConstants.data(),
+    };
+    AbortIfFailed(m_Device->m_Device->createPipelineLayout(&createInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
+
+    return pipelineLayout;
+}
+
+vk::DescriptorSetLayout
+PipelineLayoutBuilder::CreateDescriptorSetLayout(vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo const &createInfo) const
+{
+    vk::DescriptorSetLayout dsl;
+    // Failure Cases are OoM errors. No recovery.
+    AbortIfFailed(m_Device->m_Device->createDescriptorSetLayout(&createInfo, nullptr, &dsl));
+    return dsl;
+}
+
+void
+PipelineLayoutBuilder::AddDescriptorSetForParameterBlock(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout)
+{
+    DescriptorLayoutBuilder descriptorLayoutBuilder{this};
+    descriptorLayoutBuilder.AddRangesForParamBlockElement(layout->getElementTypeLayout());
+    descriptorLayoutBuilder.Build();
+}
+
+void
+PipelineLayoutBuilder::AddPushConstantRangeForConstantBuffer(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout)
+{
+    auto const elementTypeLayout = layout->getElementTypeLayout();
+    auto const elementSize = elementTypeLayout->getSize();
+
+    if (elementSize == 0)
+        return;
+
+    m_PushConstants.push_back({
+        .stageFlags = m_Stage,
+        .offset = 0,
+        .size = static_cast<u32>(elementSize),
+    });
+}
+
+void
+PipelineLayoutBuilder::AddSubObjectRange(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout, i64 subObjectRangeIndex)
+{
+    auto bindingRangeIndex = layout->getSubObjectRangeBindingRangeIndex(subObjectRangeIndex);
+    switch (layout->getBindingRangeType(bindingRangeIndex))
+    {
+    case slang::BindingType::ParameterBlock: {
+        auto const parameterBlockTypeLayout = layout->getBindingRangeLeafTypeLayout(bindingRangeIndex);
+
+        AddDescriptorSetForParameterBlock(parameterBlockTypeLayout);
+    }
+    break;
+    case slang::BindingType::PushConstant: {
+        auto const constantBufferTypeLayout = layout->getBindingRangeLeafTypeLayout(bindingRangeIndex);
+        AddPushConstantRangeForConstantBuffer(constantBufferTypeLayout);
+    }
+    break;
+    default:
+        UNREACHABLE("Unexpected types");
+    }
+}
+
+vk::DescriptorType
+BindingTypeToDescriptorType(slang::BindingType binding)
+{
+    using vk::DescriptorType;
+    switch (binding)
+    {
+    case slang::BindingType::Sampler:
+        return DescriptorType::eSampler;
+    case slang::BindingType::Texture:
+        return DescriptorType::eSampledImage;
+    case slang::BindingType::ConstantBuffer:
+        return DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer;
+    case slang::BindingType::TypedBuffer:
+        return DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
+    case slang::BindingType::RawBuffer:
+        return DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
+    case slang::BindingType::CombinedTextureSampler:
+        return DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler;
+    case slang::BindingType::InlineUniformData:
+        return DescriptorType::eInlineUniformBlock;
+    case slang::BindingType::RayTracingAccelerationStructure:
+        return DescriptorType::eAccelerationStructureKHR;
+    case slang::BindingType::MutableTexture:
+        return DescriptorType::eStorageImage;
+    case slang::BindingType::MutableTypedBuffer:
+        return DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
+    case slang::BindingType::MutableRawBuffer:
+        return DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer;
+    default:
+        UNREACHABLE("Unsupported Types");
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+vk::ShaderStageFlags &
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::Stage() const
+{
+    return m_PipelineLayoutBuilder->m_Stage;
+}
+
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::DescriptorLayoutBuilder(PipelineLayoutBuilder *pipelineLayoutBuilder)
+    : m_PipelineLayoutBuilder{pipelineLayoutBuilder}
+    , m_SetIndex{static_cast<u32>(pipelineLayoutBuilder->m_DescriptorSetLayouts.size())}
+{
+    m_PipelineLayoutBuilder->m_DescriptorSetLayouts.push_back();
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::AddDescriptorRange(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout, i64 const relativeSetIndex,
+                                            i64 const rangeIndex)
+{
+    auto const bindingType = layout->getDescriptorSetDescriptorRangeType(relativeSetIndex, rangeIndex);
+
+    if (bindingType == slang::BindingType::PushConstant)
+        return;
+
+    u32 const descriptorCount =
+        static_cast<u32>(layout->getDescriptorSetDescriptorRangeDescriptorCount(relativeSetIndex, rangeIndex));
+
+    u32 const bindingIndex = static_cast<u32>(m_LayoutBindings.size());
+    auto const vkBindingType = BindingTypeToDescriptorType(bindingType);
+
+    m_LayoutBindings.push_back({
+        .binding = bindingIndex,
+        .descriptorType = vkBindingType,
+        .descriptorCount = descriptorCount,
+        .stageFlags = Stage(),
+    });
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::AddDescriptorRanges(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout)
+{
+    i64 nSets = layout->getDescriptorSetCount();
+    for (i64 relativeSetIndex = 0; relativeSetIndex < nSets; ++relativeSetIndex)
+    {
+        i64 rangeCount = layout->getDescriptorSetDescriptorRangeCount(relativeSetIndex);
+
+        for (i64 rangeIndex = 0; rangeIndex < rangeCount; ++rangeIndex)
+        {
+            AddDescriptorRange(layout, relativeSetIndex, rangeIndex);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::Build()
+{
+    if (m_LayoutBindings.empty())
+        return;
+
+    auto const dsl = m_PipelineLayoutBuilder->CreateDescriptorSetLayout({
+        .bindingCount = static_cast<u32>(m_LayoutBindings.size()),
+        .pBindings = m_LayoutBindings.data(),
+    });
+    m_PipelineLayoutBuilder->m_DescriptorSetLayouts[m_SetIndex] = dsl;
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::AddAutomaticallyIntroducedUniformBuffer()
+{
+    auto const vulkanBindingIndex = static_cast<u32>(m_LayoutBindings.size());
+
+    m_LayoutBindings.push_back({
+        .binding = vulkanBindingIndex,
+        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer,
+        .descriptorCount = 1,
+        .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
+    });
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::AddRanges(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout)
+{
+    AddDescriptorRanges(layout);
+    m_PipelineLayoutBuilder->AddSubObjectRanges(layout);
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::AddRangesForParamBlockElement(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout)
+{
+    if (layout->getSize() > 0)
+    {
+        AddAutomaticallyIntroducedUniformBuffer();
+    }
+
+    AddRanges(layout);
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::AddGlobalScopeParameters(slang::ProgramLayout *layout)
+{
+    Stage() = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll;
+    AddRangesForParamBlockElement(layout->getGlobalParamsTypeLayout());
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::AddEntryPointParameters(slang::ProgramLayout *layout)
+{
+    u64 entryPointCount = layout->getEntryPointCount();
+    for (u64 i = 0; i < entryPointCount; ++i)
+    {
+        auto *entryPoint = layout->getEntryPointByIndex(i);
+        AddEntryPointParameters(entryPoint);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+DescriptorLayoutBuilder::AddEntryPointParameters(slang::EntryPointLayout *layout)
+{
+    Stage() = SlangToVulkanShaderStage(layout->getStage());
+
+    AddRangesForParamBlockElement(layout->getTypeLayout());
+}
+
+void
+PipelineLayoutBuilder::AddSubObjectRanges(slang::TypeLayoutReflection *layout)
+{
+    i64 subObjectRangeCount = layout->getSubObjectRangeCount();
+    for (i64 subObjectRangeIndex = 0; subObjectRangeIndex < subObjectRangeCount; ++subObjectRangeIndex)
+    {
+        AddSubObjectRange(layout, subObjectRangeIndex);
+    }
+}

aster/src/aster/systems/render_resource_manager.cpp

@@ -1,195 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: render_resource_manager.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#include "systems/render_resource_manager.h"
-
-#include "EASTL/array.h"
-#include "core/device.h"
-
-#define AbortIfFailed(RESULT)                                                                                          \
-    do                                                                                                                 \
-    {                                                                                                                  \
-        vk::Result _checkResultValue_;                                                                                 \
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_ = Cast<vk::Result>(RESULT)), "Cause: {}", _checkResultValue_)               \
-        THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);                                                                                \
-    } while (false)
-
-#define AbortIfFailedMV(RESULT, MSG, EXTRA)                                                                            \
-    do                                                                                                                 \
-    {                                                                                                                  \
-        vk::Result _checkResultValue_;                                                                                 \
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_ = Cast<vk::Result>(RESULT)), MSG " Cause: {}", EXTRA, _checkResultValue_)   \
-        THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);                                                                                \
-    } while (false)
-
-#define AbortIfFailedM(RESULT, MSG)                                                                                    \
-    do                                                                                                                 \
-    {                                                                                                                  \
-        auto _checkResultValue_ = Cast<vk::Result>(RESULT);                                                            \
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_), MSG " Cause: {}", _checkResultValue_) THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);     \
-    } while (false)
-
-
-using namespace systems;
-
-u32
-GetHandleInternal(concepts::HandleType auto &handle)
-{
-    return *Recast<u32 *>(&handle);
-}
-
-RenderResourceManager::WriteOwner::WriteOwner(const Handle<Buffer> &handle)
-    : uBufferHandle(handle)
-{
-}
-
-RenderResourceManager::WriteOwner::WriteOwner(const Handle<Image> &handle)
-    : uImageHandle(handle)
-{
-}
-
-RenderResourceManager::RenderResourceManager(const Device *device, u32 const maxBuffers, const u32 maxImages)
-    : m_BufferManager{device, maxBuffers, BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX}
-    , m_ImageManager{device, maxImages, IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX}
-{
-    eastl::array poolSizes = {
-        vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-            .type = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-            .descriptorCount = maxBuffers,
-        },
-        vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-            .type = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
-            .descriptorCount = maxImages,
-        },
-        //vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-        //    .type = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
-        //    .descriptorCount = storageTexturesCount,
-        //},
-    };
-
-    const vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBind,
-        .maxSets = 1,
-        .poolSizeCount = Cast<u32>(poolSizes.size()),
-        .pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data(),
-    };
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.createDescriptorPool(&poolCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_DescriptorPool));
-
-    eastl::array descriptorLayoutBindings = {
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-            .binding = BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-            .descriptorCount = Cast<u32>(maxBuffers),
-            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
-        },
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-            .binding = IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
-            .descriptorCount = Cast<u32>(maxImages),
-            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
-        },
-        //vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-        //    .binding = STORAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING_INDEX,
-        //    .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
-        //    .descriptorCount = Cast<u32>(storageTexturesCount),
-        //    .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
-        //},
-    };
-
-    vk::DescriptorBindingFlags bindingFlags =
-        vk::DescriptorBindingFlagBits::ePartiallyBound | vk::DescriptorBindingFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBind;
-
-    eastl::array<vk::DescriptorBindingFlags, decltype(descriptorLayoutBindings)::count> layoutBindingFlags;
-    layoutBindingFlags.fill(bindingFlags);
-
-    vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBindingFlagsCreateInfo bindingFlagsCreateInfo = {
-        .bindingCount = Cast<u32>(layoutBindingFlags.size()),
-        .pBindingFlags = layoutBindingFlags.data(),
-    };
-
-    static_assert(layoutBindingFlags.size() == descriptorLayoutBindings.size());
-    const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo = {
-        .pNext = &bindingFlagsCreateInfo,
-        .flags = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBindPool,
-        .bindingCount = Cast<u32>(descriptorLayoutBindings.size()),
-        .pBindings = descriptorLayoutBindings.data(),
-    };
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.createDescriptorSetLayout(&descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_SetLayout));
-
-    // One descriptor is enough. Updating it at any time is safe. (Update until submit, data held when pending)
-    // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing.html
-    // https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Guide/blob/main/chapters/extensions/VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing.adoc
-    const vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo descriptorSetAllocateInfo = {
-        .descriptorPool = m_DescriptorPool,
-        .descriptorSetCount = 1,
-        .pSetLayouts = &m_SetLayout,
-    };
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.allocateDescriptorSets(&descriptorSetAllocateInfo, &m_DescriptorSet));
-
-    device->SetName(m_SetLayout, "Bindless Layout");
-    device->SetName(m_DescriptorPool, "Bindless Pool");
-    device->SetName(m_DescriptorSet, "Bindless Set");
-}
-
-void
-systems::RenderResourceManager::Commit(concepts::HandleType auto &handle)
-{
-    using HandleType = decltype(handle)::Type;
-    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<HandleType, Buffer>)
-    {
-        const Buffer *buffer = handle.Fetch();
-
-        m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo{
-            .buffer = buffer->m_Buffer,
-            .offset = 0,
-            .range = buffer->GetSize(),
-        });
-        m_Writes.push_back({
-            .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
-            .dstBinding = BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX,
-            .dstArrayElement = handle.GetIndex(),
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-            .pBufferInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uBufferInfo,
-        });
-    }
-    else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<HandleType, Image>)
-    {
-        const Image *image = handle.Fetch();
-
-        m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
-            .sampler = nullptr /* TODO Sampler */,
-            .imageView = image->m_View,
-            .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
-        });
-        m_Writes.push_back({
-            .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
-            .dstBinding = IMAGE_BINDING_INDEX,
-            .dstArrayElement = handle.GetIndex(),
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eSampledImage,
-            .pImageInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uImageInfo,
-        });
-    } else {
-        static_assert(false && "Type is currently unsupported");
-    }
-
-    m_WriteOwner.emplace_back(handle);
-}
-
-RenderResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(const vk::DescriptorBufferInfo &info)
-    : uBufferInfo{info}
-{
-}
-
-RenderResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(const vk::DescriptorImageInfo &info)
-    : uImageInfo{info}
-{
-}
-
-RenderResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(const vk::BufferView &info)
-    : uBufferView{info}
-{
-}

aster/src/aster/systems/sync_server.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: sync_server.cpp
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#include "aster/systems/sync_server.h"
+
+#include "aster/systems/rendering_device.h"
+
+using namespace systems::_internal;
+
+SyncServer::Entry::Entry(RenderingDevice &device)
+    : m_CurrentPoint{0, 1}
+    , m_AttachedPool{nullptr}
+{
+    constexpr static vk::SemaphoreTypeCreateInfo TYPE_CREATE_INFO = {
+        .semaphoreType = vk::SemaphoreType::eTimeline,
+        .initialValue = 0,
+    };
+    constexpr static vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO = {.pNext = &TYPE_CREATE_INFO};
+
+    AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device->createSemaphore(&SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO, nullptr, &m_Semaphore));
+}
+
+void
+SyncServer::Entry::Destroy(RenderingDevice &device)
+{
+    if (m_Semaphore)
+    {
+        device.m_Device->destroy(Take(m_Semaphore), nullptr);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+SyncServer::Entry::Wait(RenderingDevice &device)
+{
+    vk::SemaphoreWaitInfo const waitInfo = {
+        .semaphoreCount = 1,
+        .pSemaphores = &m_Semaphore,
+        .pValues = &m_CurrentPoint.m_NextValue,
+    };
+    // This blocks.
+    // So `m_NextValue` is not modified while we wait for the signal.
+    AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device->waitSemaphores(&waitInfo, MaxValue<u64>));
+
+    // Thus, this is safe.
+    m_CurrentPoint.m_WaitValue = m_CurrentPoint.m_NextValue;
+    m_CurrentPoint.m_WaitValue = m_CurrentPoint.m_NextValue + 1;
+    if (m_AttachedPool)
+    {
+        m_AttachedPool->Reset();
+        m_AttachedPool = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+SyncServer::Entry::Next()
+{
+    m_CurrentPoint.m_WaitValue = m_CurrentPoint.m_NextValue;
+    ++m_CurrentPoint.m_NextValue;
+}
+
+void
+SyncServer::Entry::AttachPool(ContextPool *pool)
+{
+    assert(!m_AttachedPool);
+    m_AttachedPool = pool;
+}
+
+systems::Receipt
+SyncServer::Allocate()
+{
+    auto &entry = AllocateEntry();
+    return Receipt{&entry};
+}
+
+void
+SyncServer::Free(Receipt const receipt)
+{
+    FreeEntry(GetEntry(receipt));
+}
+
+void
+SyncServer::WaitOn(Receipt const receipt)
+{
+    auto &entry = GetEntry(receipt);
+    entry.Wait(*m_Device);
+    FreeEntry(entry);
+}
+
+SyncServer::Entry &
+SyncServer::AllocateEntry()
+{
+    if (not m_FreeList.empty())
+    {
+        auto &alloc = m_FreeList.back();
+        m_FreeList.pop_back();
+        return alloc;
+    }
+
+    return m_Allocations.emplace_back(*m_Device);
+}
+
+void
+SyncServer::FreeEntry(Entry &entry)
+{
+    entry.Next();
+    m_FreeList.push_back(entry);
+}
+
+SyncServer::Entry &
+SyncServer::GetEntry(Receipt receipt)
+{
+    return *static_cast<Entry *>(receipt.m_Opaque);
+}
+
+SyncServer::SyncServer(RenderingDevice &device)
+    : m_Device{&device}
+{
+}
+
+SyncServer::~SyncServer()
+{
+    if (m_Device && !m_Allocations.empty())
+    {
+        for (auto &entry : m_Allocations)
+        {
+            entry.Destroy(*m_Device);
+        }
+        m_Device = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+SyncServer::SyncServer(SyncServer &&other) noexcept
+    : m_Device{Take(other.m_Device)}
+    , m_Allocations{std::move(other.m_Allocations)}
+    , m_FreeList{Take(other.m_FreeList)}
+{
+}
+
+SyncServer &
+SyncServer::operator=(SyncServer &&other) noexcept
+{
+    if (this == &other)
+        return *this;
+    m_Device = Take(other.m_Device);
+    m_Allocations = std::move(other.m_Allocations);
+    m_FreeList = Take(other.m_FreeList);
+    return *this;
+}

aster/src/aster/util/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 
-target_sources(aster_core PRIVATE "logger.cpp")
+target_sources(aster_core PRIVATE "logger.cpp" "files.cpp")

aster/src/aster/util/files.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// =============================================
+//  Aster: files.cpp
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+// =============================================
+
+#include "aster/util/files.h"
+
+eastl::vector<u32>
+ReadFile(std::string_view fileName)
+{
+    FILE *filePtr = fopen(fileName.data(), "rb");
+
+    if (!filePtr)
+    {
+        ERROR("Invalid read of {}", fileName) THEN_ABORT(-1);
+    }
+
+    eastl::vector<u32> outputVec;
+    eastl::array<u32, 1024> buffer{};
+    usize totalRead = 0;
+    usize readCount;
+    do
+    {
+        readCount = fread(buffer.data(), sizeof(u32), buffer.size(), filePtr);
+        auto const nextSize = totalRead + readCount;
+        outputVec.resize(nextSize);
+        memcpy(outputVec.data() + totalRead, buffer.data(), readCount * sizeof *buffer.data());
+        totalRead = nextSize;
+    } while (readCount == buffer.size());
+
+    return outputVec;
+}
+
+eastl::vector<u8>
+ReadFileBytes(std::string_view fileName, bool errorOnFail)
+{
+    FILE *filePtr = fopen(fileName.data(), "rb");
+
+    if (!filePtr)
+    {
+        ERROR_IF(errorOnFail, "Invalid open (r) of {}. Cause: {}", fileName, errno);
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    eastl::vector<u8> outputVec;
+    eastl::array<u8, 4096> buffer{};
+    usize totalRead = 0;
+    usize readCount;
+    do
+    {
+        readCount = fread(buffer.data(), sizeof(u8), buffer.size(), filePtr);
+        auto const nextSize = totalRead + readCount;
+        outputVec.resize(nextSize);
+        memcpy(outputVec.data() + totalRead, buffer.data(), readCount * sizeof *buffer.data());
+        totalRead = nextSize;
+    } while (readCount == buffer.size());
+
+    (void)fclose(filePtr);
+
+    return outputVec;
+}
+
+bool
+WriteFileBytes(std::string_view fileName, eastl::span<u8> const data)
+{
+    FILE *filePtr = fopen(fileName.data(), "wb");
+
+    if (!filePtr)
+    {
+        ERROR("Invalid open (w) of {}. Cause: {}", fileName, errno);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    usize const written = fwrite(data.data(), sizeof(u8), data.size(), filePtr);
+
+    (void)fclose(filePtr);
+
+    return written == data.size();
+}

aster/src/aster/util/logger.cpp

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: logger.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "util/logger.h"
 
-Logger g_Logger = Logger();
+auto g_Logger = Logger();
 // ReSharper disable once CppInconsistentNaming
 
 /* Credits to Const-me */
 namespace eastl
 {
 void
-AssertionFailure(const char *af)
+AssertionFailure(char const *af)
 {
     ERROR("{}", af);
 }

build.sh

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-echo "Running CMake"
-if grep 'NAME=NixOS' /etc/os-release
-then
-    cmake --preset nixos
-else
-    cmake --preset linux
-fi
-
-echo "Running Ninja"
-if echo "$@" | grep -e "clean" -q
-then
-    cmake --build build --target clean
-elif echo "$@" | grep -e "rebuild" -q
-then
-    cmake --build build --clean-first
-else
-    cmake --build build
-fi
-
-if echo "$@" | grep -e "docs" -q
-then
-    if echo "$@" | grep -e "-v" -q
-    then
-        doxygen
-    else
-        doxygen > /dev/null || echo "Doxygen Failed"
-    fi
-fi
-

flake.lock

@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@
     },
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1738734093,
-        "narHash": "sha256-UEYOKfXXKU49fR7dGB05As0s2pGbLK4xDo48Qtdm7xs=",
-        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "lastModified": 1742976680,
+        "narHash": "sha256-Lcyi6YyR0PgN5rOrmM6mM/1MJIYhGi6rrq0+eiqvUb4=",
+        "owner": "kidrigger",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "5b2753b0356d1c951d7a3ef1d086ba5a71fff43c",
+        "rev": "51cf54bdbd9c1a0a2f833cced82451df0d9c25bd",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
-        "owner": "NixOS",
-        "ref": "nixpkgs-unstable",
+        "owner": "kidrigger",
+        "ref": "imgui-docking",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
         "type": "github"
       }

flake.nix

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   inputs = {
-    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable";
+    nixpkgs.url = "github:kidrigger/nixpkgs/imgui-docking";
     flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
   };
   outputs = {self, nixpkgs, flake-utils }:
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
       with pkgs;
       {
         devShells.default = clangStdenv.mkDerivation {
-          name = "BlazeEnv";
+          name = "Aster-Env";
 
           
         nativeBuildInputs = [
@@ -26,11 +26,10 @@
           ccls
           clang-tools
           lldb
-          (imgui.override {IMGUI_BUILD_VULKAN_BINDING = true; IMGUI_BUILD_GLFW_BINDING=true; })
+          (imgui.override {IMGUI_BUILD_VULKAN_BINDING = true; IMGUI_BUILD_GLFW_BINDING=true; IMGUI_EXPERIMENTAL_DOCKING = true; })
         ];
 
         buildInputs = [    
-          sdl3
           glm
           glfw3
           eastl
@@ -50,6 +49,7 @@
           directx-shader-compiler
           glslang
           shaderc
+          shader-slang
         ];
         };
       }

run.sh

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-if [ -d "build" ]; then
-    pushd ./build/samples/04_scenes/ > /dev/null || exit
-    if echo "$@" | grep -e "debug" -q
-    then
-        lldb ./scene_render
-    else
-        ./scene_render
-    fi
-    popd > /dev/null || exit
-else
-    echo "Build Aster first."
-fi

samples/00_util/frame.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: frame.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "frame.h"
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Frame::Frame(const Device *device, const u32 queueFamilyIndex, const u32 frameCo
     m_Device = device;
 
     eastl::fixed_string<char, 50, false> name = "Frame ";
-    name += Cast<char>('0' + frameCount);
+    name += static_cast<char>('0' + frameCount);
     const vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo commandPoolCreateInfo = {
         .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eTransient,
         .queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndex,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Frame::Present(const vk::Queue commandQueue, Swapchain *swapchain, const Surface
     case vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR:
     case vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR:
         DEBUG("Recreating Swapchain. Cause: {}", result);
-        swapchain->Create(surface, size);
+        swapchain->Create(*surface, size);
         break; // Present failed. We do nothing. Frame is skipped.
     default:
         AbortIfFailedM(result, "Swapchain Present failed.");
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ FrameManager::GetNextFrame(Swapchain *swapchain, const Surface *surface, Size2D
             break; // Image acquired. Break out of loop.
         case vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR:
             DEBUG("Recreating Swapchain. Cause: {}", result);
-            swapchain->Create(surface, size);
+            swapchain->Create(*surface, size);
             break; // Image acquire has failed. We move to the next frame.
         default:
             AbortIfFailedMV(result, "Waiting for swapchain image {} failed.", frameIndex);

samples/00_util/frame.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: frame.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ struct Frame
     // Transient
     u32 m_ImageIdx;
 
-    void Present(const vk::Queue commandQueue, Swapchain* swapchain, const Surface* surface, Size2D size);
+    void Present(vk::Queue commandQueue, Swapchain *swapchain, const Surface *surface, Size2D size);
 
     Frame(const Device *device, u32 queueFamilyIndex, u32 frameCount);
     ~Frame();

samples/00_util/gui.cpp

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: gui.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "gui.h"
 
-#include "aster/core/context.h"
 #include "aster/core/device.h"
+#include "aster/core/instance.h"
 #include "aster/core/window.h"
+#include "aster/systems/rendering_device.h"
 #include "helpers.h"
 
 #include <imgui_impl_glfw.h>
@@ -26,8 +27,74 @@ VulkanAssert(VkResult result)
 }
 
 void
-Init(const Context *context, const Device *device, const Window *window, vk::Format attachmentFormat,
-     const u32 imageCount, const u32 queueFamily, const vk::Queue queue)
+Init(systems::RenderingDevice &device, Window &window)
+{
+    g_AttachmentFormat = device.m_Swapchain.m_Format;
+
+    eastl::vector<vk::DescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes = {
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eSampler, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eSampledImage, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eUniformTexelBuffer, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eStorageTexelBuffer, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBufferDynamic, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBufferDynamic, 1000},
+        {vk::DescriptorType::eInputAttachment, 1000},
+    };
+
+    vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo const descriptorPoolCreateInfo = {
+        .flags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet,
+        .maxSets = 1000,
+        .poolSizeCount = static_cast<u32>(poolSizes.size()),
+        .pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data(),
+    };
+
+    AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device->createDescriptorPool(&descriptorPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &g_DescriptorPool));
+
+    IMGUI_CHECKVERSION();
+    CreateContext();
+    ImGuiIO &io = GetIO();
+    (void)io;
+    // io.ConfigFlags |= ImGuiConfigFlags_DockingEnable;
+    // io.ConfigFlags |= ImGuiConfigFlags_ViewportsEnable; // Viewports bad
+
+    StyleColorsDark();
+
+    ImGui_ImplGlfw_InitForVulkan(window.m_Window, true);
+
+    vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo renderingCreateInfo = {
+        .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+        .pColorAttachmentFormats = &g_AttachmentFormat,
+    };
+
+    // TODO: Switch this into being managed by RenderingDevice.
+    // m_Instance etc should private.
+    ImGui_ImplVulkan_InitInfo imguiVulkanInitInfo = {
+        .Instance = device.m_Instance.m_Instance,
+        .PhysicalDevice = device.m_Device.m_PhysicalDevice,
+        .Device = device.m_Device.m_Device,
+        .QueueFamily = device.m_PrimaryQueueFamily,
+        .Queue = device.m_PrimaryQueue,
+        .DescriptorPool = g_DescriptorPool,
+        .MinImageCount = static_cast<u32>(device.m_Swapchain.m_Images.size()),
+        .ImageCount = static_cast<u32>(device.m_Swapchain.m_Images.size()),
+        .PipelineCache = nullptr,
+        .UseDynamicRendering = true,
+        .PipelineRenderingCreateInfo = renderingCreateInfo,
+        .Allocator = nullptr,
+        .CheckVkResultFn = VulkanAssert,
+    };
+    ImGui_ImplVulkan_Init(&imguiVulkanInitInfo);
+
+    ImGui_ImplVulkan_CreateFontsTexture();
+}
+
+void
+Init(Instance const *context, Device const *device, Window const *window, vk::Format attachmentFormat,
+     u32 const imageCount, u32 const queueFamily, vk::Queue const queue)
 {
     g_AttachmentFormat = attachmentFormat;
 
@@ -45,10 +112,10 @@ Init(const Context *context, const Device *device, const Window *window, vk::For
         {vk::DescriptorType::eInputAttachment, 1000},
     };
 
-    const vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolCreateInfo = {
+    vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo const descriptorPoolCreateInfo = {
         .flags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet,
         .maxSets = 1000,
-        .poolSizeCount = Cast<u32>(poolSizes.size()),
+        .poolSizeCount = static_cast<u32>(poolSizes.size()),
         .pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data(),
     };
 
@@ -91,9 +158,18 @@ Init(const Context *context, const Device *device, const Window *window, vk::For
 }
 
 void
-Destroy(const Device *device)
+Destroy(systems::RenderingDevice const &device)
 {
+    ImGui_ImplVulkan_Shutdown();
+    ImGui_ImplGlfw_Shutdown();
+    DestroyContext();
 
+    device.m_Device->destroy(Take(g_DescriptorPool), nullptr);
+}
+
+void
+Destroy(Device const *device)
+{
     ImGui_ImplVulkan_Shutdown();
     ImGui_ImplGlfw_Shutdown();
     DestroyContext();
@@ -114,7 +190,7 @@ StartBuild()
     // because it would be confusing to have two docking targets within each others.
     ImGuiWindowFlags windowFlags = ImGuiWindowFlags_None | ImGuiWindowFlags_NoDocking;
 
-    const ImGuiViewport *viewport = GetMainViewport();
+    ImGuiViewport const *viewport = GetMainViewport();
     SetNextWindowPos(viewport->WorkPos);
     SetNextWindowSize(viewport->WorkSize);
     // SetNextWindowViewport(viewport->ID);
@@ -139,7 +215,7 @@ StartBuild()
     // DockSpace
     if (GetIO().ConfigFlags & ImGuiConfigFlags_DockingEnable)
     {
-         const ImGuiID dockspaceId = GetID("MyDockSpace");
+        ImGuiID const dockspaceId = GetID("MyDockSpace");
         DockSpace(dockspaceId, ImVec2(0.0f, 0.0f), dockspaceFlags);
     }
 }
@@ -161,7 +237,7 @@ EndBuild()
 }
 
 void
-Draw(const vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, const vk::Extent2D extent, const vk::ImageView view)
+Draw(vk::CommandBuffer const commandBuffer, vk::Extent2D const extent, vk::ImageView const view)
 {
     // OPTICK_EVENT();
 
@@ -181,7 +257,7 @@ Draw(const vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, const vk::Extent2D extent, const vk:
         .clearValue = vk::ClearColorValue{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
     };
 
-    const vk::RenderingInfo renderingInfo = {
+    vk::RenderingInfo const renderingInfo = {
         .renderArea = {.extent = extent},
         .layerCount = 1,
         .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
@@ -200,6 +276,36 @@ Draw(const vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, const vk::Extent2D extent, const vk:
 #endif
 }
 
+void
+Draw(systems::Frame &frame, systems::GraphicsContext &context)
+{
+    context.BeginDebugRegion("UI Pass", {0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f, 1.0f});
+
+    vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo attachmentInfo = {
+        .imageView = frame.m_SwapchainImageView,
+        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
+        .resolveMode = vk::ResolveModeFlagBits::eNone,
+        .loadOp = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eLoad,
+        .storeOp = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore,
+        .clearValue = vk::ClearColorValue{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
+    };
+
+    vk::RenderingInfo const renderingInfo = {
+        .renderArea = {.extent = frame.m_SwapchainSize},
+        .layerCount = 1,
+        .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+        .pColorAttachments = &attachmentInfo,
+        .pDepthAttachment = nullptr,
+    };
+
+    context.BeginRendering(renderingInfo);
+
+    ImGui_ImplVulkan_RenderDrawData(GetDrawData(), context.GetCommandBuffer());
+
+    context.EndRendering();
+    context.EndDebugRegion();
+}
+
 void
 PushDisable()
 {

samples/00_util/gui.h

@@ -1,31 +1,41 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: gui.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "aster/aster.h"
+#include "aster/core/device.h"
 
 #include <imgui.h>
 
-struct AttachmentImage;
 struct Device;
-struct Context;
+struct Instance;
 struct Window;
 struct Swapchain;
 
+namespace systems
+{
+class RenderingDevice;
+class GraphicsContext;
+struct Frame;
+}
+
 // ReSharper disable once CppInconsistentNaming
 namespace ImGui
 {
-void Init(const Context *context, const Device *device, const Window *window, vk::Format attachmentFormat,
+void Init(systems::RenderingDevice &device, Window &window);
+void Init(const Instance *context, const Device *device, const Window *window, vk::Format attachmentFormat,
           u32 imageCount, u32 queueFamily, vk::Queue queue);
+void Destroy(const systems::RenderingDevice &device);
 void Destroy(const Device *device);
 
 void Recreate();
 void StartBuild();
 void EndBuild();
 void Draw(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, vk::Extent2D extent, vk::ImageView view);
+void Draw(systems::Frame &frame, systems::GraphicsContext &context);
 
 void PushDisable();
 void PopDisable();

samples/00_util/helpers.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: helpers.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "helpers.h"
@@ -15,24 +15,24 @@ constexpr QueueSupportFlags REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT = QueueSupportFlags{} | Queue
                                                      QueueSupportFlagBits::eTransfer;
 
 bool
-IsSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice)
+IsSuitableDevice(PhysicalDevice const *physicalDevice)
 {
-    const bool hasAllRequiredQueues =
-        std::ranges::any_of(physicalDevice->m_QueueFamilies, [](const auto &queueFamilyProp) {
+    bool const hasAllRequiredQueues =
+        std::ranges::any_of(physicalDevice->m_QueueFamilies, [](auto const &queueFamilyProp) {
             return (queueFamilyProp.m_Support & REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT) == REQUIRED_QUEUE_SUPPORT;
         });
 
-    const bool isNotCpu = physicalDevice->m_DeviceProperties.deviceType != vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eCpu;
+    bool const isNotCpu = physicalDevice->m_DeviceProperties.deviceType != vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eCpu;
 
-    const bool hasPresentMode = !physicalDevice->m_PresentModes.empty();
+    bool const hasPresentMode = !physicalDevice->m_PresentModes.empty();
 
-    const bool hasSurfaceFormat = !physicalDevice->m_SurfaceFormats.empty();
+    bool const hasSurfaceFormat = !physicalDevice->m_SurfaceFormats.empty();
 
     return hasSurfaceFormat && hasPresentMode && isNotCpu && hasAllRequiredQueues;
 }
 
 PhysicalDevice
-FindSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevices &physicalDevices)
+FindSuitableDevice(PhysicalDevices const &physicalDevices)
 {
     for (auto &physicalDevice : physicalDevices)
     {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ FindSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevices &physicalDevices)
 }
 
 QueueAllocation
-FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice)
+FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(PhysicalDevice const *physicalDevice)
 {
     for (auto &queueFamilyInfo : physicalDevice->m_QueueFamilies)
     {
@@ -62,76 +62,3 @@ FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice)
     ERROR("No suitable queue family on the GPU.")
     THEN_ABORT(vk::Result::eErrorUnknown);
 }
-
-eastl::vector<u32>
-ReadFile(cstr fileName)
-{
-    FILE *filePtr = fopen(fileName, "rb");
-
-    if (!filePtr)
-    {
-        ERROR("Invalid read of {}", fileName) THEN_ABORT(-1);
-    }
-
-    eastl::vector<u32> outputVec;
-    eastl::array<u32, 1024> buffer{};
-    usize totalRead = 0;
-    usize readCount;
-    do
-    {
-        readCount = fread(buffer.data(), sizeof(u32), buffer.size(), filePtr);
-        const auto nextSize = totalRead + readCount;
-        outputVec.resize(nextSize);
-        memcpy(outputVec.data() + totalRead, buffer.data(), readCount * sizeof *buffer.data());
-        totalRead = nextSize;
-    } while (readCount == buffer.size());
-
-    return outputVec;
-}
-
-eastl::vector<u8>
-ReadFileBytes(cstr fileName, bool errorOnFail)
-{
-    FILE *filePtr = fopen(fileName, "rb");
-
-    if (!filePtr)
-    {
-        ERROR_IF(errorOnFail, "Invalid open (r) of {}. Cause: {}", fileName, errno);
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    eastl::vector<u8> outputVec;
-    eastl::array<u8, 4096> buffer{};
-    usize totalRead = 0;
-    usize readCount;
-    do
-    {
-        readCount = fread(buffer.data(), sizeof(u8), buffer.size(), filePtr);
-        const auto nextSize = totalRead + readCount;
-        outputVec.resize(nextSize);
-        memcpy(outputVec.data() + totalRead, buffer.data(), readCount * sizeof *buffer.data());
-        totalRead = nextSize;
-    } while (readCount == buffer.size());
-
-    (void)fclose(filePtr);
-
-    return outputVec;
-}
-
-bool
-WriteFileBytes(cstr fileName, eastl::span<u8> data)
-{
-    FILE *filePtr = fopen(fileName, "wb");
-
-    if (!filePtr)
-    {
-        ERROR("Invalid open (w) of {}. Cause: {}", fileName, errno);
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const usize written = fwrite(data.data(), sizeof(u8), data.size(), filePtr);
-
-    (void)fclose(filePtr);
-
-    return written == data.size();
-}

samples/00_util/helpers.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: helpers.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -18,9 +18,6 @@ class PhysicalDevices;
 
 PhysicalDevice FindSuitableDevice(const PhysicalDevices &physicalDevices);
 QueueAllocation FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(const PhysicalDevice *physicalDevice);
-eastl::vector<u32> ReadFile(cstr fileName);
-eastl::vector<u8> ReadFileBytes(cstr fileName, bool errorOnFail = true);
-bool WriteFileBytes(cstr fileName, eastl::span<u8> data);
 
 template <usize TSize>
 using StackString = eastl::fixed_string<char, TSize, false>;
@@ -29,7 +26,7 @@ using StackString = eastl::fixed_string<char, TSize, false>;
     do                                                                                                                 \
     {                                                                                                                  \
         vk::Result _checkResultValue_;                                                                                 \
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_ = Cast<vk::Result>(RESULT)), "Cause: {}", _checkResultValue_)               \
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_ = static_cast<vk::Result>(RESULT)), "Cause: {}", _checkResultValue_)               \
         THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);                                                                                \
     } while (false)
 
@@ -37,13 +34,13 @@ using StackString = eastl::fixed_string<char, TSize, false>;
     do                                                                                                                 \
     {                                                                                                                  \
         vk::Result _checkResultValue_;                                                                                 \
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_ = Cast<vk::Result>(RESULT)), MSG " Cause: {}", EXTRA, _checkResultValue_)   \
+        ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_ = static_cast<vk::Result>(RESULT)), MSG " Cause: {}", EXTRA, _checkResultValue_)   \
         THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);                                                                                \
     } while (false)
 
 #define AbortIfFailedM(RESULT, MSG)                                                                                    \
     do                                                                                                                 \
     {                                                                                                                  \
-        auto _checkResultValue_ = Cast<vk::Result>(RESULT);                                                            \
+        auto _checkResultValue_ = static_cast<vk::Result>(RESULT);                                                            \
         ERROR_IF(Failed(_checkResultValue_), MSG " Cause: {}", _checkResultValue_) THEN_ABORT(_checkResultValue_);     \
     } while (false)

samples/01_triangle/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 
 add_executable(triangle "triangle.cpp")
-add_shader(triangle "shader/triangle.vert.glsl")
-add_shader(triangle "shader/triangle.frag.glsl")
+add_shader(triangle "shader/triangle.slang")
+add_resource_dir(triangle "shader")
 
 target_link_libraries(triangle PRIVATE aster_core)
 target_link_libraries(triangle PRIVATE util_helper)

samples/01_triangle/shader/triangle.frag.glsl

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-#pragma shader_stage(fragment)
-
-layout (location = 0) in vec3 inColor;
-layout (location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
-
-void main() {
-    outColor = vec4(inColor, 1.0);
-}

samples/01_triangle/shader/triangle.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+struct Vertex {
+    float3 point;
+    float3 color;
+};
+
+struct VSIn {
+    Vertex vertex;
+};
+
+struct VSOut
+{
+	float4 Pos : SV_POSITION;
+    float3 Color : COLOR0;
+};
+
+[shader("vertex")]
+VSOut vsmain(VSIn input) {
+    VSOut output;
+    output.Pos = float4(input.vertex.point, 1.0f);
+    output.Color = input.vertex.color;
+
+    return output;
+}
+
+struct FSOut {
+    float4 Color;
+};
+
+[shader("fragment")]
+FSOut fsmain(VSOut input) {
+    FSOut outp;
+    outp.Color = float4(input.Color, 1.0);
+    return outp;
+}

samples/01_triangle/shader/triangle.vert.glsl

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-#pragma shader_stage(vertex)
-
-layout(location=0) in vec4 position;
-layout(location=1) in vec4 color;
-
-layout(location=0) out vec3 outColor;
-
-void main() {
-    /*
-    vec3 points[] = {
-        vec3(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f),
-        vec3(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f),
-        vec3(0.0f,  0.5f, 0.0f)
-    };
-    vec3 colors[] = {
-        vec3( 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f ),
-        vec3( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f ),
-        vec3( 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ),
-    };
-
-    gl_Position = vec4(points[gl_VertexIndex], 1.0f);
-    outColor = vec3(colors[gl_VertexIndex]); //*/
-    //*
-    gl_Position = vec4(position.xyz, 1.0f);
-    outColor = vec3(color.rgb); //*/
-}

samples/01_triangle/shader/triangle.vs.hlsl

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-struct VSIn {
-	int idx : SV_VERTEXID;
-};
-
-struct VSOut
-{
-	float4 Pos : SV_POSITION;
-    [[vk::location(0)]] float3 Color : COLOR0;
-};
-
-VSOut main(VSIn input) {
-    float3 points[] = {
-        float3(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f),
-        float3(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f),
-        float3(0.0f,  0.5f, 0.0f)
-    };
-    float3 colors[] = {
-        float3( 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f ),
-        float3( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f ),
-        float3( 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f ),
-    };
-
-    VSOut output;
-    output.Pos = float4(points[input.idx], 1.0f);
-    output.Color = colors[input.idx];
-
-    return output;
-}

samples/01_triangle/triangle.cpp

@@ -1,115 +1,78 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: triangle.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "aster/aster.h"
 
 #include "aster/core/buffer.h"
 #include "aster/core/constants.h"
-#include "aster/core/context.h"
-#include "aster/core/device.h"
+#include "aster/core/instance.h"
 #include "aster/core/physical_device.h"
 #include "aster/core/pipeline.h"
 #include "aster/core/swapchain.h"
 #include "aster/core/window.h"
 
+#include "aster/core/pipeline.h"
+#include "aster/systems/rendering_device.h"
+#include "aster/util/files.h"
 #include "helpers.h"
 
 #include <EASTL/array.h>
 
-constexpr u32 MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 3;
-constexpr auto VERTEX_SHADER_FILE = "shader/triangle.vert.glsl.spv";
-constexpr auto FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE = "shader/triangle.frag.glsl.spv";
-
-vk::ShaderModule CreateShader(const Device *device, cstr shaderFile);
-Pipeline CreatePipeline(const Device *device, const Swapchain *swapchain);
+constexpr auto SHADER_MODULE = "triangle.slang";
 
 struct Vertex
 {
     vec3 m_Position;
     vec3 m_Color;
 
-    constexpr static vk::VertexInputBindingDescription
-    GetBinding(const u32 binding)
-    {
-        return {.binding = binding, .stride = sizeof(Vertex), .inputRate = vk::VertexInputRate::eVertex};
-    }
-
-    constexpr static eastl::array<vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription, 2>
-    GetAttributes(const u32 binding)
+    static eastl::vector<systems::AttributeInfo>
+    GetAttributes()
     {
         return {
-            vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription{
-                .location = 0,
-                .binding = binding,
-                .format = vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat,
-                .offset = offsetof(Vertex, m_Position),
+            {
+                .m_Location = 0,
+                .m_Offset = offsetof(Vertex, m_Position),
+                .m_Format = systems::AttributeInfo::Format::eFloat32X3,
             },
-            vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription{
-                .location = 1,
-                .binding = binding,
-                .format = vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat,
-                .offset = offsetof(Vertex, m_Color),
+            {
+                .m_Location = 1,
+                .m_Offset = offsetof(Vertex, m_Color),
+                .m_Format = systems::AttributeInfo::Format::eFloat32X3,
             },
         };
     }
 };
 
-struct Frame
-{
-    const Device *m_Device;
-    vk::CommandPool m_Pool;
-    vk::CommandBuffer m_CommandBuffer;
-    vk::Fence m_FrameAvailableFence;
-    vk::Semaphore m_ImageAcquireSem;
-    vk::Semaphore m_RenderFinishSem;
-
-    Frame(const Device *device, u32 queueFamilyIndex, u32 frameCount);
-    ~Frame();
-};
-
 int
 main(int, char **)
 {
     MIN_LOG_LEVEL(Logger::LogType::eInfo);
 
     Window window = {"Triangle (Aster)", {640, 480}};
-    Context context = {"Triangle", VERSION};
-    Surface surface = {&context, &window, "Primary"};
+    systems::RenderingDevice device{{
+        .m_Window = window,
+        .m_Features = {.m_Vulkan12Features = {.bufferDeviceAddress = true},
+                       .m_Vulkan13Features = {.synchronization2 = true, .dynamicRendering = true}},
+        .m_AppName = "Triangle",
+        .m_ShaderSearchPaths = {"shader/"},
+        .m_UseBindless = false,
+        .m_Name = "Primary",
+    }};
 
-    PhysicalDevices physicalDevices = {&surface, &context};
-    PhysicalDevice deviceToUse = FindSuitableDevice(physicalDevices);
-
-    INFO("Using {} as the primary device.", deviceToUse.m_DeviceProperties.deviceName.data());
-
-    Features enabledDeviceFeatures = {
-        .m_Vulkan12Features = {.bufferDeviceAddress = true},
-        .m_Vulkan13Features = {.synchronization2 = true, .dynamicRendering = true},
-    };
-    QueueAllocation queueAllocation = FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(&deviceToUse);
-    Device device = {&context, &deviceToUse, &enabledDeviceFeatures, {queueAllocation}, "Primary Device"};
-    vk::Queue commandQueue = device.GetQueue(queueAllocation.m_Family, 0);
-    Swapchain swapchain = {&surface, &device, window.GetSize(), "Primary Chain"};
-    Pipeline pipeline = CreatePipeline(&device, &swapchain);
-
-    vk::CommandPool copyPool;
-    vk::CommandBuffer copyBuffer;
-    {
-        vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {
-            .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eTransient,
-            .queueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-        };
-        auto result = device.m_Device.createCommandPool(&poolCreateInfo, nullptr, &copyPool);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Copy command pool creation failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-        vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo bufferAllocateInfo = {
-            .commandPool = copyPool,
-            .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
-            .commandBufferCount = 1,
-        };
-        result = device.m_Device.allocateCommandBuffers(&bufferAllocateInfo, &copyBuffer);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Copy command buffer allocation failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-    }
+    Pipeline pipeline;
+    auto pipelineError = device.CreateGraphicsPipeline(pipeline, {
+                                                             .m_VertexInputs = {{
+                                                                 .m_Attribute = Vertex::GetAttributes(),
+                                                                 .m_Stride = sizeof(Vertex),
+                                                             }},
+                                                             .m_Shaders = {{
+                                                                 .m_ShaderFile = SHADER_MODULE,
+                                                                 .m_EntryPoints = {"vsmain", "fsmain"},
+                                                             }},
+                                                         });
+    ERROR_IF(pipelineError, "Error creating pipeline. Cause: {}", pipelineError.What());
 
     // eastl::array<Vertex, 3> vertices{};
     eastl::array vertices = {
@@ -117,60 +80,10 @@ main(int, char **)
         Vertex{.m_Position = {0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f}, .m_Color = {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},
         Vertex{.m_Position = {0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f}, .m_Color = {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
     };
-    VertexBuffer vbo;
-    vbo.Init(&device, vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], "VBO");
-    {
-        StagingBuffer staging;
-        staging.Init(&device, vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], "Staging");
-        staging.Write(&device, 0, vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], vertices.data());
-
-        vk::Fence fence;
-        vk::FenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo = {};
-        auto result = device.m_Device.createFence(&fenceCreateInfo, nullptr, &fence);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Fence creation failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-        vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};
-        result = copyBuffer.begin(&beginInfo);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Copy begin failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-        vk::BufferCopy bufferCopy = {.srcOffset = 0, .dstOffset = 0, .size = staging.GetSize()};
-        copyBuffer.copyBuffer(staging.m_Buffer, vbo.m_Buffer, 1, &bufferCopy);
-
-        result = copyBuffer.end();
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Copy end failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-        vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
-            .commandBufferCount = 1,
-            .pCommandBuffers = &copyBuffer,
-        };
-
-        result = commandQueue.submit(1, &submitInfo, fence);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Submit failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result) ELSE_INFO("Submit copy");
-
-        result = device.m_Device.waitForFences(1, &fence, true, MaxValue<u64>);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Fence wait failed. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result) ELSE_INFO("Fence wait");
-
-        result = device.m_Device.resetCommandPool(copyPool, {});
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Couldn't reset command pool. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-        device.m_Device.destroy(fence, nullptr);
-        staging.Destroy(&device);
-    }
+    auto vbo = device.CreateVertexBuffer(vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], "VBO");
+    vbo->Write(0, vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], vertices.data());
 
     // Persistent variables
-    vk::Viewport viewport = {
-        .x = 0,
-        .y = Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height),
-        .width = Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.width),
-        .height = -Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height),
-        .minDepth = 0.0,
-        .maxDepth = 1.0,
-    };
-
-    vk::Rect2D scissor = {
-        .offset = {0, 0},
-        .extent = swapchain.m_Extent,
-    };
 
     vk::ImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {
         .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
@@ -186,8 +99,8 @@ main(int, char **)
         .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,
         .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
-        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
         .subresourceRange = subresourceRange,
     };
     vk::DependencyInfo topOfThePipeDependency = {
@@ -201,8 +114,8 @@ main(int, char **)
         .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eNone,
         .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR,
-        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
         .subresourceRange = subresourceRange,
     };
     vk::DependencyInfo renderToPresentDependency = {
@@ -210,70 +123,39 @@ main(int, char **)
         .pImageMemoryBarriers = &renderToPresentBarrier,
     };
 
-    // Frames
-    eastl::fixed_vector<Frame, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> frames;
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i)
-    {
-        frames.emplace_back(&device, queueAllocation.m_Family, i);
-    }
-
     INFO("Starting loop");
-    u32 frameIndex = 0;
     while (window.Poll())
     {
-        Frame *currentFrame = &frames[frameIndex];
+        systems::Frame &currentFrame = device.GetNextFrame();
 
-        auto result = device.m_Device.waitForFences(1, &currentFrame->m_FrameAvailableFence, true, MaxValue<u64>);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Waiting for fence {} failed. Cause: {}", frameIndex, result)
-        THEN_ABORT(result);
+        Size2D swapchainSize = currentFrame.m_SwapchainSize;
 
-        u32 imageIndex;
-        result = device.m_Device.acquireNextImageKHR(swapchain.m_Swapchain, MaxValue<u64>,
-                                                     currentFrame->m_ImageAcquireSem, nullptr, &imageIndex);
-        if (Failed(result))
-        {
-            switch (result)
-            {
-            case vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR:
-            case vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR:
-                INFO("Recreating Swapchain. Cause: {}", result);
-                swapchain.Create(&surface, window.GetSize());
-                viewport.y = Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height);
-                viewport.width = Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.width);
-                viewport.height = -Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height);
-                scissor.extent = swapchain.m_Extent;
-                continue; // Image acquire has failed. We move to the next frame.
-            default:
-                ERROR("Waiting for swapchain image {} failed. Cause: {}", frameIndex, result)
-                THEN_ABORT(result);
-            }
-        }
-        // Reset fences here. In case swapchain was out of date, we leave the fences signalled.
-        result = device.m_Device.resetFences(1, &currentFrame->m_FrameAvailableFence);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Fence {} reset failed. Cause: {}", frameIndex, result)
-        THEN_ABORT(result);
+        vk::Viewport viewport = {
+            .x = 0,
+            .y = static_cast<f32>(swapchainSize.m_Height),
+            .width = static_cast<f32>(swapchainSize.m_Width),
+            .height = -static_cast<f32>(swapchainSize.m_Height),
+            .minDepth = 0.0,
+            .maxDepth = 1.0,
+        };
 
-        result = device.m_Device.resetCommandPool(currentFrame->m_Pool, {});
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command pool {} reset failed. Cause: {}", frameIndex, result)
-        THEN_ABORT(result);
+        vk::Rect2D scissor = {
+            .offset = {0, 0},
+            .extent = static_cast<vk::Extent2D>(swapchainSize),
+        };
 
-        vk::ImageView currentImageView = swapchain.m_ImageViews[imageIndex];
-        vk::Image currentImage = swapchain.m_Images[imageIndex];
-        vk::CommandBuffer cmd = currentFrame->m_CommandBuffer;
+        auto context = currentFrame.CreateGraphicsContext();
 
-        topOfThePipeBarrier.image = currentImage;
-        renderToPresentBarrier.image = currentImage;
+        topOfThePipeBarrier.image = currentFrame.m_SwapchainImage;
+        renderToPresentBarrier.image = currentFrame.m_SwapchainImage;
 
-        vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};
-        result = cmd.begin(&beginInfo);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command buffer begin failed. Cause: {}", result)
-        THEN_ABORT(result);
+        context.Begin();
 
-        cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&topOfThePipeDependency);
+        context.Dependency(topOfThePipeDependency);
 
         // Render
         vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo attachmentInfo = {
-            .imageView = currentImageView,
+            .imageView = currentFrame.m_SwapchainImageView,
             .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
             .resolveMode = vk::ResolveModeFlagBits::eNone,
             .loadOp = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
@@ -282,265 +164,29 @@ main(int, char **)
         };
 
         vk::RenderingInfo renderingInfo = {
-            .renderArea = {.extent = swapchain.m_Extent},
+            .renderArea = scissor,
             .layerCount = 1,
             .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
             .pColorAttachments = &attachmentInfo,
         };
 
-        cmd.beginRendering(&renderingInfo);
+        context.BeginRendering(renderingInfo);
 
-        cmd.setViewport(0, 1, &viewport);
-        cmd.setScissor(0, 1, &scissor);
-        cmd.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline.m_Pipeline);
-        usize offsets = 0;
-        cmd.bindVertexBuffers(0, 1, &vbo.m_Buffer, &offsets);
-        cmd.draw(3, 1, 0, 0);
+        context.SetViewport(viewport);
+        context.BindPipeline(pipeline);
+        context.BindVertexBuffer(vbo);
+        context.Draw(3);
 
-        cmd.endRendering();
+        context.EndRendering();
 
-        cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&renderToPresentDependency);
+        context.Dependency(renderToPresentDependency);
 
-        result = cmd.end();
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command buffer end failed. Cause: {}", result)
-        THEN_ABORT(result);
+        context.End();
 
-        vk::PipelineStageFlags waitDstStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput;
-        vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
-            .waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
-            .pWaitSemaphores = &currentFrame->m_ImageAcquireSem,
-            .pWaitDstStageMask = &waitDstStage,
-            .commandBufferCount = 1,
-            .pCommandBuffers = &cmd,
-            .signalSemaphoreCount = 1,
-            .pSignalSemaphores = &currentFrame->m_RenderFinishSem,
-        };
-        result = commandQueue.submit(1, &submitInfo, currentFrame->m_FrameAvailableFence);
-        ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command queue submit failed. Cause: {}", result)
-        THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-        vk::PresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {
-            .waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
-            .pWaitSemaphores = &currentFrame->m_RenderFinishSem,
-            .swapchainCount = 1,
-            .pSwapchains = &swapchain.m_Swapchain,
-            .pImageIndices = &imageIndex,
-            .pResults = nullptr,
-        };
-        result = commandQueue.presentKHR(&presentInfo);
-        if (Failed(result))
-        {
-            switch (result)
-            {
-            case vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR:
-            case vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR:
-                INFO("Recreating Swapchain. Cause: {}", result);
-                swapchain.Create(&surface, window.GetSize());
-                viewport.y = Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height);
-                viewport.width = Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.width);
-                viewport.height = -Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height);
-                scissor.extent = swapchain.m_Extent;
-                break; // Present failed. We redo the frame.
-            default:
-                ERROR("Command queue present failed. Cause: {}", result)
-                THEN_ABORT(result);
-            }
-        }
-        frameIndex = (frameIndex + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
+        device.Present(currentFrame, context);
     }
 
     device.WaitIdle();
 
-    device.m_Device.destroy(copyPool, nullptr);
-    vbo.Destroy(&device);
-
     return 0;
 }
-
-Frame::Frame(const Device *device, const u32 queueFamilyIndex, const u32 frameCount)
-{
-    m_Device = device;
-
-    const vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo commandPoolCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eTransient,
-        .queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndex,
-    };
-    vk::Result result = device->m_Device.createCommandPool(&commandPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_Pool);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not command pool for frame {}. Cause: {}", frameCount, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    constexpr vk::FenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo = {.flags = vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled};
-    result = device->m_Device.createFence(&fenceCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_FrameAvailableFence);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create a fence for frame {}. Cause: {}", frameCount, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    constexpr vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo = {};
-    result = device->m_Device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_ImageAcquireSem);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create IA semaphore for frame {}. Cause: {}", frameCount, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-    result = device->m_Device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_RenderFinishSem);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create RF semaphore for frame {}. Cause: {}", frameCount, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    const vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocateInfo = {
-        .commandPool = m_Pool, .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary, .commandBufferCount = 1};
-
-    result = m_Device->m_Device.allocateCommandBuffers(&allocateInfo, &m_CommandBuffer);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Command buffer allocation failed. Cause: {}", result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-
-    DEBUG("Frame {} created successfully.", frameCount);
-}
-
-Pipeline
-CreatePipeline(const Device *device, const Swapchain *swapchain)
-{
-    // Pipeline Setup
-    auto vertexShaderModule = CreateShader(device, VERTEX_SHADER_FILE);
-    auto fragmentShaderModule = CreateShader(device, FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE);
-
-    eastl::array<vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages = {{
-        {
-            .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex,
-            .module = vertexShaderModule,
-            .pName = "main",
-        },
-        {
-            .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment,
-            .module = fragmentShaderModule,
-            .pName = "main",
-        },
-    }};
-
-    vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutCreateInfo = {
-        .setLayoutCount = 0,
-        .pSetLayouts = nullptr,
-        .pushConstantRangeCount = 0,
-        .pPushConstantRanges = nullptr,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
-    vk::Result result = device->m_Device.createPipelineLayout(&pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create a pipeline layout. Cause: {}", result) THEN_ABORT(result);
-    device->SetName(pipelineLayout, "Triangle Layout");
-
-    vk::VertexInputBindingDescription inputBindingDescription = Vertex::GetBinding(0);
-    auto inputAttributeDescription = Vertex::GetAttributes(0);
-
-    vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputStateCreateInfo = {
-        .vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1,
-        .pVertexBindingDescriptions = &inputBindingDescription,
-        .vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = Cast<u32>(inputAttributeDescription.size()),
-        .pVertexAttributeDescriptions = inputAttributeDescription.data(),
-    };
-    vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyStateCreateInfo = {
-        .topology = vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList,
-        .primitiveRestartEnable = false,
-    };
-
-    vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportStateCreateInfo = {
-        .viewportCount = 1,
-        .scissorCount = 1,
-    };
-
-    vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationStateCreateInfo = {
-        .depthClampEnable = false,
-        .rasterizerDiscardEnable = false,
-        .polygonMode = vk::PolygonMode::eFill,
-        .cullMode = vk::CullModeFlagBits::eNone,
-        .frontFace = vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise,
-        .depthBiasEnable = false,
-        .lineWidth = 1.0,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleStateCreateInfo = {
-        .rasterizationSamples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
-        .sampleShadingEnable = false,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilStateCreateInfo = {
-        .depthTestEnable = false,
-        .depthWriteEnable = false,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachmentState = {
-        .blendEnable = false,
-        .srcColorBlendFactor = vk::BlendFactor::eSrcColor,
-        .dstColorBlendFactor = vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusSrcColor,
-        .colorBlendOp = vk::BlendOp::eAdd,
-        .srcAlphaBlendFactor = vk::BlendFactor::eSrcAlpha,
-        .dstAlphaBlendFactor = vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusSrcAlpha,
-        .alphaBlendOp = vk::BlendOp::eAdd,
-        .colorWriteMask = vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG |
-                          vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendStateCreateInfo = {
-        .logicOpEnable = false,
-        .attachmentCount = 1,
-        .pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachmentState,
-    };
-
-    eastl::array dynamicStates = {
-        vk::DynamicState::eScissor,
-        vk::DynamicState::eViewport,
-    };
-
-    vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicStateCreateInfo = {
-        .dynamicStateCount = Cast<u32>(dynamicStates.size()),
-        .pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data(),
-    };
-
-    vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo renderingCreateInfo = {
-        .viewMask = 0,
-        .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
-        .pColorAttachmentFormats = &swapchain->m_Format,
-    };
-
-    vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCreateInfo = {
-        .pNext = &renderingCreateInfo,
-        .stageCount = Cast<u32>(shaderStages.size()),
-        .pStages = shaderStages.data(),
-        .pVertexInputState = &vertexInputStateCreateInfo,
-        .pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyStateCreateInfo,
-        .pViewportState = &viewportStateCreateInfo,
-        .pRasterizationState = &rasterizationStateCreateInfo,
-        .pMultisampleState = &multisampleStateCreateInfo,
-        .pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilStateCreateInfo,
-        .pColorBlendState = &colorBlendStateCreateInfo,
-        .pDynamicState = &dynamicStateCreateInfo,
-        .layout = pipelineLayout,
-    };
-    vk::Pipeline pipeline;
-    result = device->m_Device.createGraphicsPipelines(nullptr, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipeline);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Could not create a graphics pipeline. Cause: {}", result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-    device->SetName(pipeline, "Triangle Pipeline");
-
-    device->m_Device.destroy(vertexShaderModule, nullptr);
-    device->m_Device.destroy(fragmentShaderModule, nullptr);
-
-    return {device, pipelineLayout, pipeline, {}};
-}
-
-vk::ShaderModule
-CreateShader(const Device *device, cstr shaderFile)
-{
-    eastl::vector<u32> shaderCode = ReadFile(shaderFile);
-
-    const vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo shaderModuleCreateInfo = {
-        .codeSize = shaderCode.size() * sizeof(u32),
-        .pCode = shaderCode.data(),
-    };
-    vk::ShaderModule shaderModule;
-
-    vk::Result result = device->m_Device.createShaderModule(&shaderModuleCreateInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule);
-    ERROR_IF(Failed(result), "Shader {} could not be created. Cause: {}", shaderFile, result)
-    THEN_ABORT(result);
-    return shaderModule;
-}
-
-Frame::~Frame()
-{
-    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_RenderFinishSem, nullptr);
-    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_ImageAcquireSem, nullptr);
-    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_FrameAvailableFence, nullptr);
-    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_Pool, nullptr);
-
-    DEBUG("Destoryed Frame");
-}

samples/02_box/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 #set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize=address")
 
 add_executable(box "box.cpp" "stb_image.h")
-add_shader(box "shader/box.vert.glsl")
-add_shader(box "shader/box.frag.glsl")
-add_shader(box "shader/box.vs.hlsl")
-add_shader(box "shader/box.ps.hlsl")
+add_shader(box "shader/box.slang")
+add_resource_dir(box "shader/")
 
 target_link_libraries(box PRIVATE aster_core)
 target_link_libraries(box PRIVATE util_helper)

samples/02_box/box.cpp

@@ -1,33 +1,29 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: box.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "aster/aster.h"
 
 #include "aster/core/buffer.h"
 #include "aster/core/constants.h"
-#include "aster/core/context.h"
-#include "aster/core/device.h"
 #include "aster/core/image.h"
 #include "aster/core/physical_device.h"
 #include "aster/core/pipeline.h"
 #include "aster/core/swapchain.h"
 #include "aster/core/window.h"
 
-#include "helpers.h"
-
 #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include "aster/systems/buffer_manager.h"
-#include "aster/systems/image_manager.h"
-#include "frame.h"
+#include "aster/systems/commit_manager.h"
+#include "aster/systems/rendering_device.h"
+#include "aster/util/files.h"
 #include "stb_image.h"
 
 #include <EASTL/array.h>
 
-constexpr u32 MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 3;
 constexpr auto VERTEX_SHADER_FILE = "shader/box.vs.hlsl.spv";
 constexpr auto FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE = "shader/box.ps.hlsl.spv";
+constexpr auto SHADER_FILE = "box";
 
 struct ImageFile
 {
@@ -38,6 +34,12 @@ struct ImageFile
 
     bool Load(cstr fileName);
     [[nodiscard]] usize GetSize() const;
+
+    operator eastl::span<u8>() const
+    {
+        return {static_cast<u8 *>(m_Data), GetSize()};
+    }
+
     ~ImageFile();
 };
 
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ ImageFile::Load(cstr fileName)
 usize
 ImageFile::GetSize() const
 {
-    return Cast<usize>(m_Width) * m_Height * m_NumChannels;
+    return static_cast<usize>(m_Width) * m_Height * m_NumChannels;
 }
 
 ImageFile::~ImageFile()
@@ -72,9 +74,6 @@ ImageFile::~ImageFile()
     m_Data = nullptr;
 }
 
-vk::ShaderModule CreateShader(const Device *device, cstr shaderFile);
-Pipeline CreatePipeline(const Device *device, const Swapchain *swapchain);
-
 struct Vertex
 {
     vec3 m_Position;
@@ -93,86 +92,55 @@ struct Camera
 int
 main(int, char **)
 {
-    MIN_LOG_LEVEL(Logger::LogType::eInfo);
+    MIN_LOG_LEVEL(Logger::LogType::eDebug);
 
     Window window = {"Box (Aster)", {640, 480}};
-    Context context = {"Box", VERSION};
-    Surface surface = {&context, &window, "Primary"};
-
-    PhysicalDevices physicalDevices = {&surface, &context};
-    PhysicalDevice deviceToUse = FindSuitableDevice(physicalDevices);
-
-    INFO("Using {} as the primary device.", deviceToUse.m_DeviceProperties.deviceName.data());
 
     Features enabledDeviceFeatures = {
         .m_Vulkan10Features = {.samplerAnisotropy = true},
-        .m_Vulkan12Features = {.bufferDeviceAddress = true},
+        .m_Vulkan12Features =
+            {
+                .descriptorIndexing = true,
+                .shaderSampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexing = true,
+                .shaderStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexing = true,
+                .shaderStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexing = true,
+                .descriptorBindingUniformBufferUpdateAfterBind = true, // Not related to Bindless
+                .descriptorBindingSampledImageUpdateAfterBind = true,
+                .descriptorBindingStorageImageUpdateAfterBind = true,
+                .descriptorBindingStorageBufferUpdateAfterBind = true,
+                .descriptorBindingPartiallyBound = true,
+                .runtimeDescriptorArray = true,
+                .timelineSemaphore = true,
+                .bufferDeviceAddress = true,
+                .bufferDeviceAddressCaptureReplay = true,
+            },
         .m_Vulkan13Features = {.synchronization2 = true, .dynamicRendering = true},
     };
-    QueueAllocation queueAllocation = FindAppropriateQueueAllocation(&deviceToUse);
-    Device device = {&context, &deviceToUse, &enabledDeviceFeatures, {queueAllocation}, "Primary Device"};
-    vk::Queue commandQueue = device.GetQueue(queueAllocation.m_Family, 0);
-    Swapchain swapchain = {&surface, &device, window.GetSize(), "Primary Chain"};
-    Pipeline pipeline = CreatePipeline(&device, &swapchain);
 
-    systems::BufferManager bufferManager{&device, 12, 0};
-    systems::ImageManager imageManager{&device, 12, 1};
+    systems::RenderingDevice device{{
+        .m_Window = window,
+        .m_Features = enabledDeviceFeatures,
+        .m_AppName = "Box",
+        .m_AppVersion = VERSION,
+        .m_ShaderSearchPaths = {"shader/"},
+    }};
 
+    Pipeline pipeline;
+    auto pipelineResult =
+        device.CreateGraphicsPipeline(pipeline, {.m_Shaders = {
+                                             {.m_ShaderFile = SHADER_FILE, .m_EntryPoints = {"vsmain", "fsmain"}},
+                                         }});
+    ERROR_IF(pipelineResult, "Could not create pipeline. Cause: {}", pipelineResult.What())
+    THEN_ABORT(pipelineResult.Value());
+
+    auto swapchainSize = device.GetSwapchainSize();
     Camera camera = {
         .m_Model = {1.0f},
-        .m_View = glm::lookAt(vec3(0.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), vec3(0.0f), vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f)),
+        .m_View = lookAt(vec3(0.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), vec3(0.0f), vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f)),
         .m_Perspective = glm::perspective(
-            70_deg, Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.width) / Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height), 0.1f, 100.0f),
+            70_deg, static_cast<f32>(swapchainSize.m_Width) / static_cast<f32>(swapchainSize.m_Height), 0.1f, 100.0f),
     };
 
-    vk::DescriptorPool descriptorPool;
-    vk::DescriptorSet descriptorSet;
-    {
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout = pipeline.m_SetLayouts.front();
-        eastl::array poolSizes = {
-            vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-                .type = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer,
-                .descriptorCount = 1,
-            },
-            vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-                .type = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
-                .descriptorCount = 1,
-            },
-            vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-                .type = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-                .descriptorCount = 1,
-            },
-        };
-        vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolCreateInfo = {
-            .maxSets = 1, .poolSizeCount = Cast<u32>(poolSizes.size()), .pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data()};
-        AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device.createDescriptorPool(&descriptorPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));
-
-        vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo descriptorSetAllocateInfo = {
-            .descriptorPool = descriptorPool,
-            .descriptorSetCount = 1,
-            .pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout,
-        };
-        AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device.allocateDescriptorSets(&descriptorSetAllocateInfo, &descriptorSet));
-    }
-
-    vk::CommandPool copyPool;
-    vk::CommandBuffer copyBuffer;
-    {
-        vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {
-            .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eTransient,
-            .queueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-        };
-        AbortIfFailedM(device.m_Device.createCommandPool(&poolCreateInfo, nullptr, &copyPool),
-                       "Copy command pool creation failed.");
-        vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo bufferAllocateInfo = {
-            .commandPool = copyPool,
-            .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
-            .commandBufferCount = 1,
-        };
-        AbortIfFailedM(device.m_Device.allocateCommandBuffers(&bufferAllocateInfo, &copyBuffer),
-                       "Copy command buffer allocation failed.");
-    }
-
     eastl::array vertices = {
         Vertex{.m_Position = vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f), .m_TexCoord0 = vec2(1.0f, 1.0f)},
         Vertex{.m_Position = vec3(0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f), .m_TexCoord0 = vec2(1.0f, 0.0f)},
@@ -222,21 +190,19 @@ main(int, char **)
     assert(loaded);
     INFO("Image {}x{} : {} channels", imageFile.m_Width, imageFile.m_Height, imageFile.m_NumChannels);
 
-    auto vbo = bufferManager.CreateStorageBuffer(vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], "Vertex Buffer").ToPointer();
-    auto crate = imageManager
-                     .CreateTexture2D({
+    auto vbo = device.CreateStorageBuffer(vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], "Vertex Buffer");
+    vbo->Write(0, vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], vertices.data());
+
+    auto crate = device.CreateTexture2DWithView({
         .m_Format = vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb,
         .m_Extent = {imageFile.m_Width, imageFile.m_Height},
         .m_Name = "Crate Texture",
-                     })
-                     .ToPointer();
-    vbo->Write(&device, 0, vertices.size() * sizeof vertices[0], vertices.data());
+    });
 
     {
-        StagingBuffer imageStaging;
 
-        imageStaging.Init(&device, imageFile.GetSize(), "Image Staging");
-        imageStaging.Write(&device, 0, imageFile.GetSize(), imageFile.m_Data);
+        auto imageStaging = device.CreateStagingBuffer(imageFile.GetSize(), "Image Staging");
+        imageStaging->Write(0, imageFile.GetSize(), imageFile.m_Data);
 
         vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 imageReadyToWrite = {
             .srcStageMask = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eTransfer,
@@ -245,9 +211,9 @@ main(int, char **)
             .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferWrite,
             .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
             .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
-            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-            .image = crate->m_Image,
+            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
+            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
+            .image = crate->GetImage(),
             .subresourceRange =
                 {
                     .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
@@ -269,9 +235,9 @@ main(int, char **)
             .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eShaderRead,
             .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
             .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
-            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-            .image = crate->m_Image,
+            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = device.m_TransferQueueFamily,
+            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = device.m_PrimaryQueueFamily,
+            .image = crate->GetImage(),
             .subresourceRange =
                 {
                     .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
@@ -286,140 +252,25 @@ main(int, char **)
             .pImageMemoryBarriers = &imageReadyToRead,
         };
 
-        vk::Fence fence;
-        vk::FenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo = {};
-        AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device.createFence(&fenceCreateInfo, nullptr, &fence));
+        auto context = device.CreateTransferContext();
+        context.Begin();
 
-        vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};
-        AbortIfFailed(copyBuffer.begin(&beginInfo));
+        context.Dependency(imageReadyToWriteDependency);
 
-        copyBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&imageReadyToWriteDependency);
+        context.UploadTexture(crate->m_Image, imageFile);
 
-        vk::BufferImageCopy imageCopy = {
-            .bufferOffset = 0,
-            .bufferRowLength = imageFile.m_Width,
-            .bufferImageHeight = imageFile.m_Height,
-            .imageSubresource =
-                {
-                    .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                    .mipLevel = 0,
-                    .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                    .layerCount = 1,
-                },
-            .imageOffset = {},
-            .imageExtent = {imageFile.m_Width, imageFile.m_Height, 1},
-        };
-        copyBuffer.copyBufferToImage(imageStaging.m_Buffer, crate->m_Image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1,
-                                     &imageCopy);
+        context.Dependency(imageReadyToReadDependency);
 
-        copyBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&imageReadyToReadDependency);
+        context.End();
 
-        AbortIfFailed(copyBuffer.end());
-
-        vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
-            .commandBufferCount = 1,
-            .pCommandBuffers = &copyBuffer,
-        };
-
-        AbortIfFailed(commandQueue.submit(1, &submitInfo, fence));
-        INFO("Submit copy");
-
-        AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device.waitForFences(1, &fence, true, MaxValue<u64>));
-        INFO("Fence wait");
-
-        AbortIfFailedM(device.m_Device.resetCommandPool(copyPool, {}), "Couldn't reset command pool.");
-
-        device.m_Device.destroy(fence, nullptr);
-        imageStaging.Destroy(&device);
+        auto recpt = device.Submit(context);
+        device.WaitOn(recpt);
     }
 
-    vk::Sampler sampler;
-    {
-        vk::SamplerCreateInfo samplerCreateInfo = {
-            .magFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear,
-            .minFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear,
-            .mipmapMode = vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eLinear,
-            .addressModeU = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
-            .addressModeV = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
-            .addressModeW = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
-            .mipLodBias = 0.2f,
-            .anisotropyEnable = true,
-            .maxAnisotropy = 1.0f,
-            .compareEnable = false,
-            .minLod = 0,
-            .maxLod = 4,
-            .unnormalizedCoordinates = false,
-        };
-        AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device.createSampler(&samplerCreateInfo, nullptr, &sampler));
-    }
-
-    auto ubo = bufferManager.CreateUniformBuffer(sizeof camera, "Camera UBO").ToPointer();
-    ubo->Write(&device, 0, sizeof camera, &camera);
-    vk::DescriptorBufferInfo descriptorBufferInfo = {
-        .buffer = ubo->m_Buffer,
-        .offset = 0,
-        .range = ubo->GetSize(),
-    };
-    vk::DescriptorImageInfo descriptorImageInfo = {
-        .sampler = sampler,
-        .imageView = crate->m_View,
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
-    };
-    vk::DescriptorBufferInfo descriptorStorageBufferInfo = {
-        .buffer = vbo->m_Buffer,
-        .offset = 0,
-        .range = vbo->GetSize(),
-    };
-    eastl::array writeDescriptors = {
-        vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
-            .dstSet = descriptorSet,
-            .dstBinding = 0,
-            .dstArrayElement = 0,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer,
-            .pBufferInfo = &descriptorBufferInfo,
-        },
-        vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
-            .dstSet = descriptorSet,
-            .dstBinding = 1,
-            .dstArrayElement = 0,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
-            .pImageInfo = &descriptorImageInfo,
-        },
-        vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
-            .dstSet = descriptorSet,
-            .dstBinding = 2,
-            .dstArrayElement = 0,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-            .pBufferInfo = &descriptorStorageBufferInfo,
-        },
-    };
-    device.m_Device.updateDescriptorSets(Cast<u32>(writeDescriptors.size()), writeDescriptors.data(), 0, nullptr);
+    auto ubo = device.CreateStorageBuffer(sizeof camera, "Camera UBO");
+    ubo->Write(0, sizeof camera, &camera);
 
     // Persistent variables
-    vk::Viewport viewport = {
-        .x = 0,
-        .y = Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height),
-        .width = Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.width),
-        .height = -Cast<f32>(swapchain.m_Extent.height),
-        .minDepth = 0.0,
-        .maxDepth = 1.0,
-    };
-
-    vk::Rect2D scissor = {
-        .offset = {0, 0},
-        .extent = swapchain.m_Extent,
-    };
-
-    auto resizeViewportScissor = [&viewport, &scissor](vk::Extent2D extent) {
-        viewport.y = Cast<f32>(extent.height);
-        viewport.width = Cast<f32>(extent.width);
-        viewport.height = -Cast<f32>(extent.height);
-        scissor.extent = extent;
-    };
-    swapchain.RegisterResizeCallback(resizeViewportScissor);
 
     vk::ImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {
         .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
@@ -437,8 +288,8 @@ main(int, char **)
         .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,
         .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
-        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
         .subresourceRange = subresourceRange,
     };
     vk::DependencyInfo topOfThePipeDependency = {
@@ -452,8 +303,8 @@ main(int, char **)
         .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eNone,
         .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR,
-        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
-        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = queueAllocation.m_Family,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored,
         .subresourceRange = subresourceRange,
     };
     vk::DependencyInfo renderToPresentDependency = {
@@ -461,50 +312,85 @@ main(int, char **)
         .pImageMemoryBarriers = &renderToPresentBarrier,
     };
 
-    FrameManager frameManager = {&device, queueAllocation.m_Family, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT};
-    eastl::fixed_vector<Ref<Image>, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> depthImages;
+    eastl::fixed_vector<Ref<ImageView>, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> depthImages;
 
-    auto initDepthImages = [&imageManager, &depthImages, &frameManager] (const vk::Extent2D extent) {
-        for (u32 i = 0; i < frameManager.m_FramesInFlight; ++i)
+    auto initDepthImages = [&depthImages, &device](vk::Extent2D const extent) {
+        for (u32 i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i)
         {
-            depthImages.push_back(
-                imageManager.CreateDepthStencilImage({.m_Extent = extent, .m_Name = "Depth"}).ToPointer());
+            depthImages.push_back(device.CreateDepthStencilImageWithView({.m_Extent = extent, .m_Name = "Depth"}));
         }
     };
 
-    initDepthImages(swapchain.m_Extent);
+    initDepthImages(swapchainSize);
 
-    auto recreateDepthBuffers = [&depthImages, &initDepthImages](const vk::Extent2D extent) {
+    auto recreateDepthBuffers = [&depthImages, &initDepthImages](vk::Extent2D const extent) {
         depthImages.clear();
         initDepthImages(extent);
     };
-    swapchain.RegisterResizeCallback(recreateDepthBuffers);
+
+    struct PCB
+    {
+        uptr m_VertexBuffer;
+        uptr m_Camera;
+        systems::ResId<TextureView> m_Texture;
+    };
+    static_assert(sizeof(PCB) == 24);
+
+    auto &commitManager = systems::CommitManager::Instance();
+
+    PCB pcb = {
+        .m_VertexBuffer = vbo->GetDeviceAddress(),
+        .m_Camera = ubo->GetDeviceAddress(),
+        .m_Texture = commitManager.CommitTexture(crate),
+    };
 
     Time::Init();
 
+    auto prevSwapchainSize = swapchainSize;
+
     INFO("Starting loop");
     while (window.Poll())
     {
         Time::Update();
 
-        camera.m_Model *= rotate(mat4{1.0f}, Cast<f32>(45.0_deg * Time::m_Delta), vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
-        ubo->Write(&device, 0, sizeof camera, &camera);
+        camera.m_Model *= rotate(mat4{1.0f}, static_cast<f32>(45.0_deg * Time::m_Delta), vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
+        ubo->Write(0, sizeof camera, &camera);
 
-        Frame *currentFrame = frameManager.GetNextFrame(&swapchain, &surface, window.GetSize());
+        auto &currentFrame = device.GetNextFrame();
 
-        u32 imageIndex = currentFrame->m_ImageIdx;
-        vk::ImageView currentImageView = swapchain.m_ImageViews[imageIndex];
-        vk::Image currentImage = swapchain.m_Images[imageIndex];
-        vk::CommandBuffer cmd = currentFrame->m_CommandBuffer;
-        vk::ImageView currentDepthImageView = depthImages[currentFrame->m_FrameIdx]->m_View;
+        prevSwapchainSize = swapchainSize;
+        swapchainSize = currentFrame.m_SwapchainSize;
+        if (swapchainSize != prevSwapchainSize)
+        {
+            recreateDepthBuffers(swapchainSize);
+        }
+
+        vk::Viewport viewport = {
+            .x = 0,
+            .y = static_cast<f32>(swapchainSize.m_Height),
+            .width = static_cast<f32>(swapchainSize.m_Width),
+            .height = -static_cast<f32>(swapchainSize.m_Height),
+            .minDepth = 0.0,
+            .maxDepth = 1.0,
+        };
+
+        vk::Rect2D scissor = {
+            .offset = {0, 0},
+            .extent = static_cast<vk::Extent2D>(swapchainSize),
+        };
+
+        vk::ImageView currentImageView = currentFrame.m_SwapchainImageView;
+        vk::Image currentImage = currentFrame.m_SwapchainImage;
+        vk::ImageView currentDepthImageView = depthImages[currentFrame.m_FrameIdx]->m_View;
 
         topOfThePipeBarrier.image = currentImage;
         renderToPresentBarrier.image = currentImage;
 
-        vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};
-        AbortIfFailed(cmd.begin(&beginInfo));
+        auto context = currentFrame.CreateGraphicsContext();
 
-        cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&topOfThePipeDependency);
+        context.Begin();
+
+        context.Dependency(topOfThePipeDependency);
 
         // Render
         eastl::array attachmentInfos = {
@@ -528,207 +414,30 @@ main(int, char **)
         };
 
         vk::RenderingInfo renderingInfo = {
-            .renderArea = {.extent = swapchain.m_Extent},
+            .renderArea = scissor,
             .layerCount = 1,
-            .colorAttachmentCount = Cast<u32>(attachmentInfos.size()),
+            .colorAttachmentCount = static_cast<u32>(attachmentInfos.size()),
             .pColorAttachments = attachmentInfos.data(),
             .pDepthAttachment = &depthAttachment,
         };
 
-        cmd.beginRendering(&renderingInfo);
+        context.BeginRendering(renderingInfo);
 
-        cmd.setViewport(0, 1, &viewport);
-        cmd.setScissor(0, 1, &scissor);
-        cmd.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline.m_Pipeline);
-        cmd.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline.m_Layout, 0, 1, &descriptorSet, 0, nullptr);
-        cmd.draw(Cast<u32>(vertices.size()), 1, 0, 0);
+        context.SetViewport(viewport);
+        context.BindPipeline(pipeline);
+        context.PushConstantBlock(pcb);
+        context.Draw(vertices.size());
 
-        cmd.endRendering();
+        context.EndRendering();
 
-        cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&renderToPresentDependency);
+        context.Dependency(renderToPresentDependency);
 
-        AbortIfFailed(cmd.end());
+        context.End();
 
-        vk::PipelineStageFlags waitDstStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput;
-        vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
-            .waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
-            .pWaitSemaphores = &currentFrame->m_ImageAcquireSem,
-            .pWaitDstStageMask = &waitDstStage,
-            .commandBufferCount = 1,
-            .pCommandBuffers = &cmd,
-            .signalSemaphoreCount = 1,
-            .pSignalSemaphores = &currentFrame->m_RenderFinishSem,
-        };
-        AbortIfFailed(commandQueue.submit(1, &submitInfo, currentFrame->m_FrameAvailableFence));
-
-        currentFrame->Present(commandQueue, &swapchain, &surface, window.GetSize());
+        device.Present(currentFrame, context);
     }
 
     device.WaitIdle();
-    device.m_Device.destroy(sampler, nullptr);
-    device.m_Device.destroy(descriptorPool, nullptr);
-    device.m_Device.destroy(copyPool, nullptr);
 
     return 0;
 }
-
-Pipeline
-CreatePipeline(const Device *device, const Swapchain *swapchain)
-{
-    // Pipeline Setup
-    auto vertexShaderModule = CreateShader(device, VERTEX_SHADER_FILE);
-    auto fragmentShaderModule = CreateShader(device, FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE);
-
-    eastl::array<vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages = {{
-        {
-            .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex,
-            .module = vertexShaderModule,
-            .pName = "main",
-        },
-        {
-            .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment,
-            .module = fragmentShaderModule,
-            .pName = "main",
-        },
-    }};
-
-    eastl::array descriptorSetLayoutBinding = {
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-            .binding = 0,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex,
-        },
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-            .binding = 1,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment,
-        },
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-            .binding = 2,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-            .descriptorCount = 1,
-            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex,
-        },
-    };
-    vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo = {
-        .bindingCount = Cast<u32>(descriptorSetLayoutBinding.size()),
-        .pBindings = descriptorSetLayoutBinding.data(),
-    };
-    vk::DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
-    AbortIfFailed(
-        device->m_Device.createDescriptorSetLayout(&descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));
-
-    vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutCreateInfo = {
-        .setLayoutCount = 1,
-        .pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout,
-        .pushConstantRangeCount = 0,
-        .pPushConstantRanges = nullptr,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.createPipelineLayout(&pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
-    device->SetName(pipelineLayout, "Box Layout");
-
-    vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputStateCreateInfo = {};
-    vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyStateCreateInfo = {
-        .topology = vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList,
-        .primitiveRestartEnable = false,
-    };
-
-    vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportStateCreateInfo = {
-        .viewportCount = 1,
-        .scissorCount = 1,
-    };
-
-    vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationStateCreateInfo = {
-        .depthClampEnable = false,
-        .rasterizerDiscardEnable = false,
-        .polygonMode = vk::PolygonMode::eFill,
-        .cullMode = vk::CullModeFlagBits::eNone,
-        .frontFace = vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise,
-        .depthBiasEnable = false,
-        .lineWidth = 1.0,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleStateCreateInfo = {
-        .rasterizationSamples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
-        .sampleShadingEnable = false,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilStateCreateInfo = {
-        .depthTestEnable = true,
-        .depthWriteEnable = true,
-        .depthCompareOp = vk::CompareOp::eLess,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachmentState = {
-        .blendEnable = false,
-        .srcColorBlendFactor = vk::BlendFactor::eSrcColor,
-        .dstColorBlendFactor = vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusSrcColor,
-        .colorBlendOp = vk::BlendOp::eAdd,
-        .srcAlphaBlendFactor = vk::BlendFactor::eSrcAlpha,
-        .dstAlphaBlendFactor = vk::BlendFactor::eOneMinusSrcAlpha,
-        .alphaBlendOp = vk::BlendOp::eAdd,
-        .colorWriteMask = vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG |
-                          vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA,
-    };
-    vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendStateCreateInfo = {
-        .logicOpEnable = false,
-        .attachmentCount = 1,
-        .pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachmentState,
-    };
-
-    eastl::array dynamicStates = {
-        vk::DynamicState::eScissor,
-        vk::DynamicState::eViewport,
-    };
-
-    vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicStateCreateInfo = {
-        .dynamicStateCount = Cast<u32>(dynamicStates.size()),
-        .pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data(),
-    };
-
-    vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo renderingCreateInfo = {
-        .viewMask = 0,
-        .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
-        .pColorAttachmentFormats = &swapchain->m_Format,
-        .depthAttachmentFormat = vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint,
-    };
-
-    vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCreateInfo = {
-        .pNext = &renderingCreateInfo,
-        .stageCount = Cast<u32>(shaderStages.size()),
-        .pStages = shaderStages.data(),
-        .pVertexInputState = &vertexInputStateCreateInfo,
-        .pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyStateCreateInfo,
-        .pViewportState = &viewportStateCreateInfo,
-        .pRasterizationState = &rasterizationStateCreateInfo,
-        .pMultisampleState = &multisampleStateCreateInfo,
-        .pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilStateCreateInfo,
-        .pColorBlendState = &colorBlendStateCreateInfo,
-        .pDynamicState = &dynamicStateCreateInfo,
-        .layout = pipelineLayout,
-    };
-    vk::Pipeline pipeline;
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.createGraphicsPipelines(nullptr, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipeline));
-    device->SetName(pipeline, "Box Pipeline");
-
-    device->m_Device.destroy(vertexShaderModule, nullptr);
-    device->m_Device.destroy(fragmentShaderModule, nullptr);
-
-    return {device, pipelineLayout, pipeline, {descriptorSetLayout}};
-}
-
-vk::ShaderModule
-CreateShader(const Device *device, cstr shaderFile)
-{
-    eastl::vector<u32> shaderCode = ReadFile(shaderFile);
-
-    const vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo shaderModuleCreateInfo = {
-        .codeSize = shaderCode.size() * sizeof(u32),
-        .pCode = shaderCode.data(),
-    };
-    vk::ShaderModule shaderModule;
-
-    AbortIfFailedMV(device->m_Device.createShaderModule(&shaderModuleCreateInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule),
-                    "Shader {} could not be created.", shaderFile);
-    return shaderModule;
-}

samples/02_box/shader/bindless.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[vk::binding(0, 0)] __DynamicResource<__DynamicResourceKind.General> gBuffers[];
+[vk::binding(1, 0)] __DynamicResource<__DynamicResourceKind.Sampler> gSamplers[];
+[vk::binding(2, 0)] __DynamicResource<__DynamicResourceKind.General> gStorageTextures[];
+
+export T getDescriptorFromHandle<T>(DescriptorHandle<T> handle) where T : IOpaqueDescriptor
+{
+    __target_switch
+    {
+    case spirv:
+        switch (T.kind) {
+        case DescriptorKind.Buffer:
+            return gBuffers[((uint2)handle).x].asOpaqueDescriptor<T>();
+        case DescriptorKind.CombinedTextureSampler:
+            return gSamplers[((uint2)handle).x].asOpaqueDescriptor<T>();
+        case DescriptorKind.Texture:
+            return gStorageTextures[((uint2)handle).x].asOpaqueDescriptor<T>();
+        default:
+            return defaultGetDescriptorFromHandle(handle);
+        }
+    default:
+        return defaultGetDescriptorFromHandle(handle);
+    }
+}

samples/02_box/shader/box.frag.glsl

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-#pragma shader_stage(fragment)
-
-layout (location = 0) in vec2 inUV;
-layout (location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
-
-layout(binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex;
-
-void main() {
-    outColor = vec4(texture(tex, inUV).rgb, 1.0f);
-}

samples/02_box/shader/box.ps.hlsl

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-struct FS_Input {
-    float2 UV0 : TEXCOORD0;
-};
-
-struct FS_Output
-{
-    float4 ColorTarget : SV_Target0;
-};
-
-[[vk::binding(1, 0)]] Texture2D<float4> Texture;
-[[vk::binding(1, 0)]] SamplerState Sampler;
-
-FS_Output main(FS_Input StageInput) {
-    FS_Output output;
-
-    output.ColorTarget = float4(Texture.Sample(Sampler, StageInput.UV0).rgb, 1.0);
-
-    return output;
-}

samples/02_box/shader/box.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import bindless;
+
+struct VertexData
+{
+    float4 position;
+    float2 texCoord0;
+    float2 _pad0;
+};
+
+struct CameraData
+{
+    float4x4 model;
+    float4x4 view;
+    float4x4 projection;
+};
+
+struct PCB {
+    VertexData* vertexBuffer;
+    CameraData* cameraBuffer;
+    Sampler2D.Handle texture;
+};
+
+[vk::push_constant]
+uniform PCB pcb;
+
+struct VSIn {
+    uint vertexIndex : SV_VertexID;
+};
+
+struct VSOut
+{
+	float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float2 texCoord0 : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+struct FSOut {
+    float4 Color;
+};
+
+[shader("vertex")]
+func vsmain(VSIn input) -> VSOut {
+    VSOut output;
+
+    VertexData vd = pcb.vertexBuffer[input.vertexIndex];
+
+    output.position = mul(mul(mul(float4(vd.position.xyz, 1.0f), pcb.cameraBuffer->model), pcb.cameraBuffer->view), pcb.cameraBuffer->projection);
+    output.texCoord0 = vd.texCoord0;
+
+    return output;
+}
+
+[shader("fragment")]
+func fsmain(VSOut input) -> FSOut {
+    FSOut outp;
+    outp.Color = float4(pcb.texture.Sample(input.texCoord0).rgb, 1.0);
+    return outp;
+}

samples/02_box/shader/box.vert.glsl

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-#pragma shader_stage(vertex)
-
-layout(location=0) in vec4 position;
-layout(location=1) in vec2 uv0;
-
-layout(location=0) out vec2 outUV;
-
-layout(binding=0) uniform Camera {
-    mat4 model;
-    mat4 view;
-    mat4 proj;
-} ubo;
-
-void main() {
-    outUV = uv0;
-    gl_Position = ubo.proj * ubo.view * ubo.model * vec4(position.xyz, 1.0f);
-    // outColor = vec3(0.5f, 0.3f, 0.1f);
-}

samples/02_box/shader/box.vs.hlsl

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-struct VS_Input
-{
-    uint VertexIndex        : SV_VertexID;
-};
-
-struct VS_Output
-{
-    float2 UV0              : TEXCOORD0;
-    float4 VertexPosition   : SV_Position;
-};
-
-struct CameraData {
-    float4x4 Model;
-    float4x4 View;
-    float4x4 Projection;
-};
-
-struct VertexData {
-    float4 Position;
-    float2 UV0;
-};
-
-[[vk::binding(0, 0)]] ConstantBuffer<CameraData> Camera;
-[[vk::binding(2, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<VertexData> Vertices;
-
-VS_Output main(VS_Input StageInput) {
-    VS_Output output;
-
-    output.UV0 = Vertices[StageInput.VertexIndex].UV0;
-
-    float4 position = Vertices[StageInput.VertexIndex].Position;
-
-    output.VertexPosition = mul(Camera.Projection, mul(Camera.View, mul(Camera.Model, position)));
-
-    return output;
-}

samples/03_model_render/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -5,28 +5,25 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 #set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize=address")
 find_path(TINYGLTF_INCLUDE_DIRS "tiny_gltf.h")
 
-add_executable(model_render "model_render.cpp"
-        "pipeline_utils.cpp"
-        "pipeline_utils.h"
+add_executable(model_render
+    "model_render.cpp"
     "asset_loader.cpp"
     "asset_loader.h"
     "light_manager.cpp"
     "light_manager.h"
-        "gpu_resource_manager.cpp"
-        "gpu_resource_manager.h"
     "nodes.cpp"
     "nodes.h"
     "ibl_helpers.cpp"
-        "ibl_helpers.h")
+    "ibl_helpers.h"
+    "tiny_gltf_setup.cpp")
 
-add_shader(model_render "shader/model.vs.hlsl")
-add_shader(model_render "shader/model.ps.hlsl")
-add_shader(model_render "shader/eqrect_to_cube.cs.hlsl")
-add_shader(model_render "shader/background.vs.hlsl")
-add_shader(model_render "shader/background.ps.hlsl")
-add_shader(model_render "shader/diffuse_irradiance.cs.hlsl")
-add_shader(model_render "shader/prefilter.cs.hlsl")
-add_shader(model_render "shader/brdf_lut.cs.hlsl")
+add_shader(model_render "shader/background.slang")
+add_shader(model_render "shader/bindless.slang")
+add_shader(model_render "shader/common_structs.slang")
+add_shader(model_render "shader/environment.slang")
+add_shader(model_render "shader/eqrect_to_cube.slang")
+add_shader(model_render "shader/ibl_common.slang")
+add_shader(model_render "shader/model.slang")
 
 target_link_libraries(model_render PRIVATE aster_core)
 target_link_libraries(model_render PRIVATE util_helper)

samples/03_model_render/asset_loader.cpp

@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: asset_loader.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
-#define TINYGLTF_NOEXCEPTION
-#define JSON_NOEXCEPTION
-
-#define TINYGLTF_IMPLEMENTATION
-#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
-#define STB_IMAGE_WRITE_IMPLEMENTATION
-
 #include "aster/core/buffer.h"
 #include "aster/core/device.h"
 #include "aster/core/image.h"
 
-#include "gpu_resource_manager.h"
-#include "helpers.h"
 #include "asset_loader.h"
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+#include "aster/systems/commit_manager.h"
+#include "aster/systems/rendering_device.h"
 
 #include <EASTL/fixed_vector.h>
 #include <EASTL/hash_map.h>
+
 #include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
 
+#include <filesystem>
+
+#include <stb_image.h>
 #include <tiny_gltf.h>
 
 #if defined(LoadImage)
@@ -31,19 +30,29 @@
 constexpr vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo OneTimeCmdBeginInfo = {.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};
 
 vec4
-VectorToVec4(const std::vector<double> &vec)
+VectorToVec4(std::vector<double> const &vec)
 {
     if (vec.empty())
     {
         return vec4{0.0f};
     }
     assert(vec.size() == 4);
-
     return {vec[0], vec[1], vec[2], vec[3]};
 }
 
+vec4
+VectorToVec4(std::vector<double> const &vec, float w)
+{
+    if (vec.empty())
+    {
+        return vec4{0.0f};
+    }
+    assert(vec.size() == 3);
+    return {vec[0], vec[1], vec[2], w};
+}
+
 vec3
-VectorToVec3(const std::vector<double> &vec)
+VectorToVec3(std::vector<double> const &vec)
 {
     if (vec.empty())
     {
@@ -54,51 +63,28 @@ VectorToVec3(const std::vector<double> &vec)
     return {vec[0], vec[1], vec[2]};
 }
 
-void
-AssetLoader::LoadHdrImage(Texture *texture, cstr path, cstr name) const
+Ref<TextureView>
+AssetLoader::LoadHdrImage(cstr path, cstr name) const
 {
-    const Device *pDevice = m_ResourceManager->m_Device;
-    ERROR_IF(texture->IsValid(), "Expected invalid image.") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-
     i32 x, y, nChannels;
     f32 *data = stbi_loadf(path, &x, &y, &nChannels, 4);
     assert(nChannels == 3);
 
     ERROR_IF(!data, "Could not load {}", path) THEN_ABORT(-1);
 
-    u32 width = Cast<u32>(x);
-    u32 height = Cast<u32>(y);
+    u32 width = static_cast<u32>(x);
+    u32 height = static_cast<u32>(y);
 
-    StagingBuffer stagingBuffer;
-    texture->Init(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, {width, height}, vk::Format::eR32G32B32A32Sfloat, false, path);
-    assert(texture->IsValid());
-    stagingBuffer.Init(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, (sizeof *data) * x * y * 4, "HDR Staging Buffer");
-    stagingBuffer.Write(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, 0, stagingBuffer.GetSize(), data);
-
-    stbi_image_free(data);
+    auto texture = m_Device->CreateTexture2DWithView({
+        .m_Format = vk::Format::eR32G32B32A32Sfloat,
+        .m_Extent = {width, height},
+        .m_Name = path,
+        .m_IsSampled = true,
+        .m_IsMipMapped = false,
+        .m_IsStorage = false,
+    });
 
 #pragma region Setup Copy/Sync primitives
-    vk::BufferImageCopy2 copyRegion = {
-        .bufferOffset = 0,
-        .bufferRowLength = width,
-        .bufferImageHeight = height,
-        .imageSubresource =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .mipLevel = 0,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
-        .imageOffset = {0, 0, 0},
-        .imageExtent = texture->m_Extent,
-    };
-    vk::CopyBufferToImageInfo2 stagingInfo = {
-        .srcBuffer = stagingBuffer.m_Buffer,
-        .dstImage = texture->m_Image,
-        .dstImageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
-        .regionCount = 1,
-        .pRegions = &copyRegion,
-    };
     vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 readyToStageBarrier = {
         .srcStageMask = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands,
         .srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eNone,
@@ -108,7 +94,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadHdrImage(Texture *texture, cstr path, cstr name) const
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
         .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
         .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-        .image = texture->m_Image,
+        .image = texture->GetImage(),
         .subresourceRange =
             {
                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
@@ -131,9 +117,9 @@ AssetLoader::LoadHdrImage(Texture *texture, cstr path, cstr name) const
         .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eShaderRead,
         .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
-        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = m_TransferQueueIndex,
-        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = m_GraphicsQueueIndex,
-        .image = texture->m_Image,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = m_Device->m_TransferQueueFamily,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = m_Device->m_PrimaryQueueFamily,
+        .image = texture->GetImage(),
         .subresourceRange =
             {
                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
@@ -151,49 +137,31 @@ AssetLoader::LoadHdrImage(Texture *texture, cstr path, cstr name) const
     };
 #pragma endregion
 
-    AbortIfFailed(m_CommandBuffer.begin(&OneTimeCmdBeginInfo));
+    auto context = m_Device->CreateTransferContext();
+    context.Begin();
 
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
     StackString<128> loadActionName = "Load: ";
     loadActionName += name ? name : path;
-    vk::DebugUtilsLabelEXT debugLabel = {
-        .pLabelName = loadActionName.c_str(),
-        .color = std::array{1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
-    };
-    m_CommandBuffer.beginDebugUtilsLabelEXT(&debugLabel);
-#endif
+    context.BeginDebugRegion(loadActionName.c_str());
 
-    m_CommandBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&readyToStageDependency);
-    m_CommandBuffer.copyBufferToImage2(&stagingInfo);
-    m_CommandBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&postStagingDependency);
+    context.Dependency(readyToStageDependency);
+    context.UploadTexture(texture->m_Image, {reinterpret_cast<u8 *>(data), (sizeof *data) * x * y * 4});
+    context.Dependency(postStagingDependency);
 
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    m_CommandBuffer.endDebugUtilsLabelEXT();
-#endif
+    context.EndDebugRegion();
 
-    AbortIfFailed(m_CommandBuffer.end());
+    context.End();
 
-    vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
-        .waitSemaphoreCount = 0,
-        .pWaitDstStageMask = nullptr,
-        .commandBufferCount = 1,
-        .pCommandBuffers = &m_CommandBuffer,
-    };
+    auto rcpt = m_Device->Submit(context);
+    stbi_image_free(data);
 
-    vk::Fence fence;
-    vk::FenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo = {};
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.createFence(&fenceCreateInfo, nullptr, &fence));
-    AbortIfFailed(m_TransferQueue.submit(1, &submitInfo, fence));
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.waitForFences(1, &fence, true, MaxValue<u32>));
-    pDevice->m_Device.destroy(fence, nullptr);
+    m_Device->WaitOn(rcpt);
 
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.resetCommandPool(m_CommandPool, {}));
-
-    stagingBuffer.Destroy(pDevice);
+    return texture;
 }
 
 void
-GenerateMipMaps(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, vk::ImageLayout initialLayout,
+GenerateMipMaps(systems::TransferContext &context, Ref<Texture> const &texture, vk::ImageLayout initialLayout,
                 vk::ImageLayout finalLayout, vk::PipelineStageFlags2 prevStage, vk::PipelineStageFlags2 finalStage)
 {
 #if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
@@ -201,7 +169,7 @@ GenerateMipMaps(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, vk::ImageLayo
         .pLabelName = "Generate Mipmap",
         .color = std::array{0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f},
     };
-    commandBuffer.beginDebugUtilsLabelEXT(&label);
+    context.BeginDebugRegion("Generate MipMap", {0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0});
 #endif
 
     vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 imageStartBarrier = {
@@ -243,7 +211,7 @@ GenerateMipMaps(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, vk::ImageLayo
     }
 
     vk::DependencyInfo imageStartDependency = {
-        .imageMemoryBarrierCount = Cast<u32>(startBarriers.size()),
+        .imageMemoryBarrierCount = static_cast<u32>(startBarriers.size()),
         .pImageMemoryBarriers = startBarriers.data(),
     };
 
@@ -324,10 +292,10 @@ GenerateMipMaps(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, vk::ImageLayo
 
     // Mip Mapping
 
-    commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&imageStartDependency);
+    context.Dependency(imageStartDependency);
 
-    i32 prevMipWidth = Cast<i32>(texture->m_Extent.width);
-    i32 prevMipHeight = Cast<i32>(texture->m_Extent.height);
+    i32 prevMipWidth = static_cast<i32>(texture->m_Extent.width);
+    i32 prevMipHeight = static_cast<i32>(texture->m_Extent.height);
 
     u32 maxPrevMip = texture->GetMipLevels() - 1;
     for (u32 prevMipLevel = 0; prevMipLevel < maxPrevMip; ++prevMipLevel)
@@ -349,47 +317,50 @@ GenerateMipMaps(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, vk::ImageLayo
 
         nextMipBarrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = currentMipLevel;
 
-        commandBuffer.blitImage2(&mipBlitInfo);
-        commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&interMipDependency);
+        context.Blit(mipBlitInfo);
+        context.Dependency(interMipDependency);
 
         prevMipHeight = currentMipHeight;
         prevMipWidth = currentMipWidth;
     }
 
-    commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&imageReadyDependency);
+    context.Dependency(imageReadyDependency);
 #if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    commandBuffer.endDebugUtilsLabelEXT();
+    context.EndDebugRegion();
 #endif
 }
 
-TextureHandle
-AssetLoader::LoadImageToGpu(StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer, tinygltf::Image *image, bool isSrgb) const
+systems::ResId<TextureView>
+AssetLoader::LoadImageToGpu(systems::TransferContext &context, tinygltf::Image *image, bool isSrgb, cstr name) const
 {
+    // TODO(Something not loading properly).
+
     assert(image->component == 4);
     assert(image->height > 0 && image->width > 0);
 
-    u32 height = Cast<u32>(image->height);
-    u32 width = Cast<u32>(image->width);
+#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
+    auto assignedName = name ? name : image->name.empty() ? image->uri.c_str() : image->name.c_str();
+#else
+    auto assignedName = nullptr;
+#endif
+
+    u32 height = static_cast<u32>(image->height);
+    u32 width = static_cast<u32>(image->width);
 
     vk::Format imageFormat = isSrgb ? vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb : vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm;
 
-    Texture texture;
+    auto texture = m_Device->CreateTexture2D<Texture>({
+        .m_Format = imageFormat,
+        .m_Extent = {width, height},
+        .m_Name = assignedName,
+        .m_IsSampled = true,
+        .m_IsMipMapped = true,
+        .m_IsStorage = false,
+    });
 
-    usize byteSize = image->image.size();
-    texture.Init(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, {.width = width, .height = height}, imageFormat, true,
-                 image->name.data());
-    stagingBuffer->Init(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, byteSize);
-    stagingBuffer->Write(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, 0, byteSize, image->image.data());
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
     StackString<128> loadActionName = "Load: ";
-    loadActionName += image->name.empty() ? "<texture>" : image->name.c_str();
-    vk::DebugUtilsLabelEXT debugLabel = {
-        .pLabelName = loadActionName.c_str(),
-        .color = std::array{1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
-    };
-    m_CommandBuffer.beginDebugUtilsLabelEXT(&debugLabel);
-#endif
+    loadActionName += assignedName;
+    context.BeginDebugRegion(loadActionName.c_str());
 
 #pragma region Barriers and Blits
 
@@ -402,7 +373,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadImageToGpu(StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer, tinygltf::Image *image
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
         .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
         .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-        .image = texture.m_Image,
+        .image = texture->m_Image,
         .subresourceRange =
             {
                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
@@ -421,12 +392,14 @@ AssetLoader::LoadImageToGpu(StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer, tinygltf::Image *image
 
     vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 postStagingBarrier = {
         .srcStageMask = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllTransfer,
+        .srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferWrite,
         .dstStageMask = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllTransfer,
+        .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eTransferRead,
         .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
         .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
-        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = m_TransferQueueIndex,
-        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = m_GraphicsQueueIndex,
-        .image = texture.m_Image,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = m_Device->m_TransferQueueFamily,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = m_Device->m_PrimaryQueueFamily,
+        .image = texture->m_Image,
         .subresourceRange =
             {
                 .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
@@ -436,49 +409,28 @@ AssetLoader::LoadImageToGpu(StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer, tinygltf::Image *image
                 .layerCount = 1,
             },
     };
-    ;
 
     vk::DependencyInfo postStagingDependency = {
         .imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
         .pImageMemoryBarriers = &postStagingBarrier,
     };
 
-    vk::BufferImageCopy2 imageCopy = {
-        .bufferOffset = 0,
-        .bufferRowLength = Cast<u32>(image->width),
-        .bufferImageHeight = Cast<u32>(image->height),
-        .imageSubresource =
-            {
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .mipLevel = 0,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
-        .imageOffset = {},
-        .imageExtent = texture.m_Extent,
-    };
-    vk::CopyBufferToImageInfo2 stagingCopyInfo = {
-        .srcBuffer = stagingBuffer->m_Buffer,
-        .dstImage = texture.m_Image,
-        .dstImageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
-        .regionCount = 1,
-        .pRegions = &imageCopy,
-    };
-
 #pragma endregion
 
-    m_CommandBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&imageStartDependency);
-    m_CommandBuffer.copyBufferToImage2(&stagingCopyInfo);
-    m_CommandBuffer.pipelineBarrier2(&postStagingDependency);
+    context.Dependency(imageStartDependency);
+    context.UploadTexture(texture, {image->image.data(), image->image.size()});
+    context.Dependency(postStagingDependency);
 
-    GenerateMipMaps(m_CommandBuffer, &texture, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
-                    vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal);
+    GenerateMipMaps(context, texture, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal);
 
 #if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    m_CommandBuffer.endDebugUtilsLabelEXT();
+    context.EndDebugRegion();
 #endif
 
-    return m_ResourceManager->CommitTexture(&texture);
+    auto textureView = m_Device->CreateView<TextureView>(
+        {.m_Image = texture, .m_Name = image->name.data(), .m_AspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor});
+
+    return m_Device->m_CommitManager->CommitTexture(textureView);
 }
 
 Model
@@ -488,10 +440,8 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
     tinygltf::Model model;
     tinygltf::TinyGLTF loader;
 
-    const Device *pDevice = m_ResourceManager->m_Device;
-
-    const auto fsPath = fs::absolute(path);
-    const auto ext = fsPath.extension();
+    auto const fsPath = fs::absolute(path);
+    auto const ext = fsPath.extension();
     if (ext == GLTF_ASCII_FILE_EXTENSION)
     {
         std::string err;
@@ -513,42 +463,36 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
         }
     }
 
-    AbortIfFailed(m_CommandBuffer.begin(&OneTimeCmdBeginInfo));
+    auto context = m_Device->CreateTransferContext();
+
+    context.Begin();
 
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
     StackString<128> loadActionName = "Load: ";
     loadActionName += name ? name : path;
-    vk::DebugUtilsLabelEXT debugLabel = {
-        .pLabelName = loadActionName.c_str(),
-        .color = std::array{1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
-    };
-    m_CommandBuffer.beginDebugUtilsLabelEXT(&debugLabel);
-#endif
+    context.BeginDebugRegion(loadActionName.c_str());
 
-    eastl::vector<StagingBuffer> stagingBuffers;
-
-    eastl::hash_map<i32, TextureHandle> textureHandleMap;
+    eastl::hash_map<i32, systems::ResId<TextureView>> textureHandleMap;
 
     eastl::vector<Material> materials;
-    StorageBuffer materialsBuffer;
-    BufferHandle materialsHandle;
+    Ref<Buffer> materialsBuffer;
 
     if (!model.materials.empty())
     {
-        auto getTextureHandle = [this, &textureHandleMap, &stagingBuffers, &model](i32 index,
-                                                                                   bool isSrgb) -> TextureHandle {
+        // TODO("Something broken on load here.");
+        auto getTextureHandle = [this, &context, &textureHandleMap,
+                                 &model](i32 index, bool const isSrgb) -> systems::ResId<TextureView> {
             if (index < 0)
             {
-                return {};
+                return systems::NullId{};
             }
-            const auto iter = textureHandleMap.find(index);
-            if (iter != textureHandleMap.end())
+            if (auto const iter = textureHandleMap.find(index); iter != textureHandleMap.end())
             {
                 return iter->second;
             }
 
-            auto *image = &model.images[index];
-            TextureHandle handle = LoadImageToGpu(&stagingBuffers.push_back(), image, isSrgb);
+            auto const &texture = model.textures[index];
+            auto *image = &model.images[texture.source];
+            auto handle = LoadImageToGpu(context, image, isSrgb, texture.name.empty() ? nullptr : texture.name.c_str());
             textureHandleMap.emplace(index, handle);
             return handle;
         };
@@ -558,28 +502,22 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
         {
             materials.push_back({
                 .m_AlbedoFactor = VectorToVec4(material.pbrMetallicRoughness.baseColorFactor),
-                .m_EmissionFactor = VectorToVec3(material.emissiveFactor),
-                .m_MetalFactor = Cast<f32>(material.pbrMetallicRoughness.metallicFactor),
-                .m_RoughFactor = Cast<f32>(material.pbrMetallicRoughness.roughnessFactor),
+                .m_EmissionFactor = VectorToVec4(material.emissiveFactor, 0.0f),
                 .m_AlbedoTex = getTextureHandle(material.pbrMetallicRoughness.baseColorTexture.index, true),
                 .m_NormalTex = getTextureHandle(material.normalTexture.index, false),
                 .m_MetalRoughTex =
                     getTextureHandle(material.pbrMetallicRoughness.metallicRoughnessTexture.index, false),
                 .m_OcclusionTex = getTextureHandle(material.occlusionTexture.index, false),
                 .m_EmissionTex = getTextureHandle(material.emissiveTexture.index, true),
+                .m_MetalFactor = static_cast<f32>(material.pbrMetallicRoughness.metallicFactor),
+                .m_RoughFactor = static_cast<f32>(material.pbrMetallicRoughness.roughnessFactor),
             });
         }
 
         usize materialsByteSize = materials.size() * sizeof materials[0];
-        materialsBuffer.Init(pDevice, materialsByteSize, false, name);
-        materialsHandle = m_ResourceManager->Commit(&materialsBuffer);
+        materialsBuffer = m_Device->CreateStorageBuffer(materialsByteSize, name);
 
-        StagingBuffer &materialStaging = stagingBuffers.push_back();
-        materialStaging.Init(pDevice, materialsByteSize);
-        materialStaging.Write(pDevice, 0, materialsByteSize, materials.data());
-
-        vk::BufferCopy bufferCopy = {.srcOffset = 0, .dstOffset = 0, .size = materialsByteSize};
-        m_CommandBuffer.copyBuffer(materialStaging.m_Buffer, materialsBuffer.m_Buffer, 1, &bufferCopy);
+        context.UploadBuffer(materialsBuffer, materials);
     }
 
     // TODO: Mesh reordering based on nodes AND OR meshoptimizer
@@ -618,17 +556,17 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
                 tinygltf::Buffer *posBuffer = &model.buffers[posBufferView->buffer];
                 usize byteOffset = (posAccessor->byteOffset + posBufferView->byteOffset);
 
-                vertexCount = Cast<u32>(posAccessor->count);
+                vertexCount = static_cast<u32>(posAccessor->count);
                 vertexPositions.reserve(vertexOffset + vertexCount);
 
                 if (posAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC4)
                 {
-                    vec4 *data = Recast<vec4 *>(posBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec4 *>(posBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     vertexPositions.insert(vertexPositions.end(), data, data + vertexCount);
                 }
                 else if (posAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC3)
                 {
-                    vec3 *data = Recast<vec3 *>(posBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec3 *>(posBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     for (u32 i = 0; i < vertexCount; ++i)
                     {
                         vertexPositions.push_back(vec4(data[i], 1.0f));
@@ -636,7 +574,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
                 }
                 else if (posAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC2)
                 {
-                    vec2 *data = Recast<vec2 *>(posBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec2 *>(posBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     for (u32 i = 0; i < vertexCount; ++i)
                     {
                         vertexPositions.push_back(vec4(data[i], 0.0f, 1.0f));
@@ -660,7 +598,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
 
                 if (normAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC4)
                 {
-                    vec4 *data = Recast<vec4 *>(normBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec4 *>(normBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
 
                     vec4 *end = data + vertexCount;
                     u32 idx = vertexOffset;
@@ -672,7 +610,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
                 }
                 else if (normAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC3)
                 {
-                    vec3 *data = Recast<vec3 *>(normBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec3 *>(normBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     for (u32 i = 0; i < vertexCount; ++i)
                     {
                         auto norm = vec4(data[i], 0.0f);
@@ -681,7 +619,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
                 }
                 else if (normAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC2)
                 {
-                    vec2 *data = Recast<vec2 *>(normBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec2 *>(normBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     for (u32 i = 0; i < vertexCount; ++i)
                     {
                         auto norm = vec4(data[i], 0.0f, 0.0f);
@@ -704,7 +642,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
                 assert(uvAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC2 &&
                        uvAccessor->componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_FLOAT);
                 {
-                    vec2 *data = Recast<vec2 *>(uvBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec2 *>(uvBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     vec2 *end = data + vertexCount;
                     u32 idx = vertexOffset;
                     vec2 *it = data;
@@ -727,7 +665,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
 
                 if (colorAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC4)
                 {
-                    vec4 *data = Recast<vec4 *>(colorBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec4 *>(colorBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
 
                     vec4 *end = data + vertexCount;
                     u32 idx = vertexOffset;
@@ -739,7 +677,7 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
                 }
                 else if (colorAccessor->type == TINYGLTF_TYPE_VEC3)
                 {
-                    vec3 *data = Recast<vec3 *>(colorBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<vec3 *>(colorBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     for (u32 i = 0; i < vertexCount; ++i)
                     {
                         auto color = vec4(data[i], 1.0f);
@@ -760,22 +698,22 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
                 tinygltf::Buffer *indexBuffer = &model.buffers[indexBufferView->buffer];
                 usize byteOffset = (indexAccessor->byteOffset + indexBufferView->byteOffset);
 
-                indexCount = Cast<u32>(indexAccessor->count);
+                indexCount = static_cast<u32>(indexAccessor->count);
                 indices.reserve(indexOffset + indexCount);
 
                 if (indexAccessor->componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_INT)
                 {
-                    u32 *data = Recast<u32 *>(indexBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<u32 *>(indexBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     indices.insert(indices.end(), data, data + indexCount);
                 }
                 else if (indexAccessor->componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_SHORT)
                 {
-                    u16 *data = Recast<u16 *>(indexBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<u16 *>(indexBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     indices.insert(indices.end(), data, data + indexCount);
                 }
                 else if (indexAccessor->componentType == TINYGLTF_COMPONENT_TYPE_UNSIGNED_BYTE)
                 {
-                    u8 *data = Recast<u8 *>(indexBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
+                    auto data = reinterpret_cast<u8 *>(indexBuffer->data.data() + byteOffset);
                     indices.insert(indices.end(), data, data + indexCount);
                 }
             }
@@ -810,12 +748,12 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
         {
             eastl::function<void(i32, i32)> processNode = [&processNode, &model, &nodes, &meshPrimRanges,
                                                            &meshPrimitives](i32 idx, i32 parent) -> void {
-                const auto *node = &model.nodes[idx];
+                auto const *node = &model.nodes[idx];
 
-                vec3 nodeTranslation = vec3{0.0f};
-                quat nodeRotation = quat{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
-                vec3 nodeScale = vec3{1.0f};
-                mat4 nodeMatrix = mat4{1.0f};
+                auto nodeTranslation = vec3{0.0f};
+                auto nodeRotation = quat{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
+                auto nodeScale = vec3{1.0f};
+                auto nodeMatrix = mat4{1.0f};
                 if (node->translation.size() == 3)
                 {
                     nodeTranslation = glm::make_vec3(node->translation.data());
@@ -833,21 +771,21 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
                 {
                     nodeMatrix = glm::make_mat4(node->matrix.data());
                 }
-                const mat4 transform = translate(mat4(1.0f), nodeTranslation) * mat4_cast(nodeRotation) *
+                mat4 const transform = translate(mat4(1.0f), nodeTranslation) * mat4_cast(nodeRotation) *
                                        scale(mat4(1.0f), nodeScale) * nodeMatrix;
 
-                const i32 nodeArrayIndex = Cast<i32>(nodes.Add(transform, parent));
+                i32 const nodeArrayIndex = static_cast<i32>(nodes.Add(transform, parent));
                 if (node->mesh >= 0)
                 {
                     auto [start, count] = meshPrimRanges[node->mesh];
-                    const auto end = start + count;
+                    auto const end = start + count;
                     for (usize i = start; i != end; ++i)
                     {
                         meshPrimitives[i].m_TransformIdx = nodeArrayIndex;
                     }
                 }
 
-                for (const i32 child : node->children)
+                for (i32 const child : node->children)
                 {
                     processNode(child, nodeArrayIndex);
                 }
@@ -862,76 +800,46 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
 
     nodes.Update();
 
-    StorageBuffer nodeBuffer;
-    nodeBuffer.Init(pDevice, nodes.GetGlobalTransformByteSize(), true);
-    nodeBuffer.Write(pDevice, 0, nodes.GetGlobalTransformByteSize(), nodes.GetGlobalTransformPtr());
-    BufferHandle nodeHandle = m_ResourceManager->Commit(&nodeBuffer);
+    auto nodeBuffer = m_Device->CreateStorageBuffer(nodes.GetGlobalTransformByteSize());
+    nodeBuffer->Write(0, nodes.GetGlobalTransformByteSize(), nodes.GetGlobalTransformPtr());
 
 #pragma region Staging / Transfer / Uploads
-    BufferHandle positionBufferHandle;
-    BufferHandle vertexDataHandle;
-    IndexBuffer indexBuffer;
+    systems::ResId<Buffer> positionBufferHandle = systems::ResId<Buffer>::Null();
+    systems::ResId<Buffer> vertexDataHandle = systems::ResId<Buffer>::Null();
+    Ref<IndexBuffer> indexBuffer;
 
-    {
-        auto uploadBufferData = [cmd = this->m_CommandBuffer, &stagingBuffers, pDevice](const Buffer *buffer,
-                                                                                        const void *data) {
-            vk::BufferCopy bufferCopy = {.srcOffset = 0, .dstOffset = 0, .size = buffer->GetSize()};
-            StagingBuffer &stagingBuffer = stagingBuffers.push_back();
-            stagingBuffer.Init(pDevice, bufferCopy.size);
-            stagingBuffer.Write(pDevice, 0, bufferCopy.size, data);
-            cmd.copyBuffer(stagingBuffer.m_Buffer, buffer->m_Buffer, 1, &bufferCopy);
-        };
+    auto positionBuffer = m_Device->CreateStorageBuffer(vertexPositions.size() * sizeof vertexPositions[0]);
+    context.UploadBuffer(positionBuffer, vertexPositions);
 
-        StorageBuffer positionBuffer;
-        positionBuffer.Init(pDevice, vertexPositions.size() * sizeof vertexPositions[0], false);
-        positionBufferHandle = m_ResourceManager->Commit(&positionBuffer);
-        uploadBufferData(&positionBuffer, vertexPositions.data());
+    auto vertexDataBuffer = m_Device->CreateStorageBuffer(vertexData.size() * sizeof vertexData[0]);
+    context.UploadBuffer(vertexDataBuffer, vertexData);
 
-        StorageBuffer vertexDataBuffer;
-        vertexDataBuffer.Init(pDevice, vertexData.size() * sizeof vertexData[0], false);
-        vertexDataHandle = m_ResourceManager->Commit(&vertexDataBuffer);
-        uploadBufferData(&vertexDataBuffer, vertexData.data());
-
-        indexBuffer.Init(pDevice, indices.size() * sizeof indices[0]);
-        uploadBufferData(&indexBuffer, indices.data());
-    }
+    // TODO: Index buffer needs to be separated.
+    indexBuffer = systems::CastBuffer<IndexBuffer>(
+        m_Device->CreateIndexBuffer(indices.size() * sizeof indices[0], "Index Buffer"));
+    context.UploadBuffer(indexBuffer, indices);
 
 #pragma endregion
 
 #if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    m_CommandBuffer.endDebugUtilsLabelEXT();
+    context.EndDebugRegion();
 #endif
-    AbortIfFailed(m_CommandBuffer.end());
+    context.End();
 
-    vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
-        .waitSemaphoreCount = 0,
-        .pWaitDstStageMask = nullptr,
-        .commandBufferCount = 1,
-        .pCommandBuffers = &m_CommandBuffer,
-    };
-
-    vk::Fence fence;
-    vk::FenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo = {};
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.createFence(&fenceCreateInfo, nullptr, &fence));
-    AbortIfFailed(m_TransferQueue.submit(1, &submitInfo, fence));
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.waitForFences(1, &fence, true, MaxValue<u32>));
-    pDevice->m_Device.destroy(fence, nullptr);
-
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.resetCommandPool(m_CommandPool, {}));
-
-    for (auto &buffer : stagingBuffers)
-    {
-        buffer.Destroy(pDevice);
-    }
+    auto rcpt = m_Device->Submit(context);
+    m_Device->WaitOn(rcpt);
 
     Model::ModelHandles handles = {
-        .m_VertexPositionHandle = positionBufferHandle,
-        .m_VertexDataHandle = vertexDataHandle,
-        .m_MaterialsHandle = materialsHandle,
-        .m_NodeHandle = nodeHandle,
+        .m_VertexPositionHandle = positionBuffer,
+        .m_VertexDataHandle = vertexDataBuffer,
+        .m_MaterialsHandle = materialsBuffer,
+        .m_NodeHandle = nodeBuffer,
     };
+    Model::ModelHandlesData handlesData = handles;
+    auto handlesBuffer = m_Device->CreateStorageBuffer(sizeof handlesData, "Materials");
+    handlesBuffer->Write(0, sizeof handlesData, &handlesData);
 
-    eastl::vector<TextureHandle> textureHandles;
+    eastl::vector<systems::ResId<TextureView>> textureHandles;
     textureHandles.reserve(textureHandleMap.size());
 
     for (auto &[key, val] : textureHandleMap)
@@ -940,139 +848,45 @@ AssetLoader::LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name)
     }
 
     return Model{
-        m_ResourceManager, std::move(textureHandles), std::move(nodes), handles, indexBuffer, meshPrimitives,
+        textureHandles, std::move(nodes), nodeBuffer, handles, handlesBuffer, indexBuffer, meshPrimitives,
     };
 }
 
-Model::Model(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager, eastl::vector<TextureHandle> &&textureHandles, Nodes &&nodes,
-             const ModelHandles &handles, const IndexBuffer &indexBuffer,
-             const eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> &meshPrimitives)
-    : m_ResourceManager(resourceManager)
-    , m_TextureHandles(std::move(textureHandles))
+Model::Model(eastl::vector<systems::ResId<TextureView>> &textureHandles, Nodes &&nodes, Ref<Buffer> nodeBuffer,
+             ModelHandles &handles, Ref<Buffer> modelHandlesBuffer, Ref<IndexBuffer> indexBuffer,
+             eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> const &meshPrimitives)
+    : m_TextureHandles(std::move(textureHandles))
     , m_Nodes(std::move(nodes))
-    , m_Handles(handles)
-    , m_IndexBuffer(indexBuffer)
+    , m_Handles(std::move(handles))
+    , m_NodeBuffer(std::move(nodeBuffer))
+    , m_IndexBuffer(std::move(indexBuffer))
+    , m_ModelHandlesBuffer(std::move(modelHandlesBuffer))
     , m_MeshPrimitives(meshPrimitives)
 {
 }
 
-Model::Model(Model &&other) noexcept
-    : m_ResourceManager(Take(other.m_ResourceManager))
-    , m_TextureHandles(std::move(other.m_TextureHandles))
-    , m_Handles(other.m_Handles)
-    , m_IndexBuffer(other.m_IndexBuffer)
-    , m_MeshPrimitives(std::move(other.m_MeshPrimitives))
-{
-}
-
-Model &
-Model::operator=(Model &&other) noexcept
-{
-    if (this == &other)
-        return *this;
-    m_ResourceManager = Take(other.m_ResourceManager);
-    m_TextureHandles = std::move(other.m_TextureHandles);
-    m_Handles = other.m_Handles;
-    m_IndexBuffer = other.m_IndexBuffer;
-    m_MeshPrimitives = std::move(other.m_MeshPrimitives);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-const mat4 &
+mat4 const &
 Model::GetModelTransform() const
 {
     return m_Nodes[0];
 }
 
 void
-Model::SetModelTransform(const mat4 &transform)
+Model::SetModelTransform(mat4 const &transform)
 {
     m_Nodes.Set(0, transform);
 }
 
-Model::~Model()
-{
-    if (!m_ResourceManager)
-        return;
-
-    m_IndexBuffer.Destroy(m_ResourceManager->m_Device);
-
-    m_ResourceManager->Release(m_Handles.m_VertexDataHandle);
-    m_ResourceManager->Release(m_Handles.m_NodeHandle);
-    m_ResourceManager->Release(m_Handles.m_VertexPositionHandle);
-    m_ResourceManager->Release(m_Handles.m_MaterialsHandle);
-
-    for (const TextureHandle &handle : m_TextureHandles)
-    {
-        m_ResourceManager->Release(handle);
-    }
-}
-
 void
 Model::Update()
 {
     if (m_Nodes.Update())
     {
-        m_ResourceManager->Write(m_Handles.m_NodeHandle, 0, m_Nodes.GetGlobalTransformByteSize(),
-                                 m_Nodes.GetGlobalTransformPtr());
+        m_NodeBuffer->Write(0, m_Nodes.GetGlobalTransformByteSize(), m_Nodes.GetGlobalTransformPtr());
     }
 }
 
-AssetLoader::AssetLoader(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager, vk::Queue transferQueue, u32 transferQueueIndex,
-                         u32 graphicsQueueIndex)
-    : m_ResourceManager(resourceManager)
-    , m_TransferQueue(transferQueue)
-    , m_TransferQueueIndex(transferQueueIndex)
-    , m_GraphicsQueueIndex(graphicsQueueIndex)
-{
-    const Device *pDevice = resourceManager->m_Device;
-    const vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eTransient,
-        .queueFamilyIndex = transferQueueIndex,
-    };
-    AbortIfFailedM(pDevice->m_Device.createCommandPool(&poolCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_CommandPool),
-                   "Transfer command pool creation failed.");
-
-    pDevice->SetName(m_CommandPool, "Asset Loader Command Pool");
-
-    const vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo commandBufferAllocateInfo = {
-        .commandPool = m_CommandPool,
-        .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
-        .commandBufferCount = 1,
-    };
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.allocateCommandBuffers(&commandBufferAllocateInfo, &m_CommandBuffer));
-
-    pDevice->SetName(m_CommandBuffer, "Asset Loader Command Buffer");
-}
-
-AssetLoader::~AssetLoader()
-{
-    if (m_ResourceManager)
-    {
-        m_ResourceManager->m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_CommandPool, nullptr);
-    }
-}
-
-AssetLoader::AssetLoader(AssetLoader &&other) noexcept
-    : m_ResourceManager(Take(other.m_ResourceManager))
-    , m_CommandPool(other.m_CommandPool)
-    , m_CommandBuffer(other.m_CommandBuffer)
-    , m_TransferQueue(other.m_TransferQueue)
-    , m_TransferQueueIndex(other.m_TransferQueueIndex)
-    , m_GraphicsQueueIndex(other.m_GraphicsQueueIndex)
+AssetLoader::AssetLoader(systems::RenderingDevice &device)
+    : m_Device{&device}
 {
 }
-
-AssetLoader &
-AssetLoader::operator=(AssetLoader &&other) noexcept
-{
-    if (this == &other)
-        return *this;
-    m_ResourceManager = Take(other.m_ResourceManager);
-    m_CommandPool = other.m_CommandPool;
-    m_CommandBuffer = other.m_CommandBuffer;
-    m_TransferQueue = other.m_TransferQueue;
-    m_TransferQueueIndex = other.m_TransferQueueIndex;
-    m_GraphicsQueueIndex = other.m_GraphicsQueueIndex;
-    return *this;
-}

samples/03_model_render/asset_loader.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: asset_loader.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -9,8 +9,24 @@
 
 #include "aster/core/buffer.h"
 
-#include "gpu_resource_manager.h"
+#include "aster/systems/resource.h"
 #include "nodes.h"
+#include "tiny_gltf.h"
+
+namespace systems
+{
+class TransferContext;
+}
+
+namespace systems
+{
+class RenderingDevice;
+class ResourceManager;
+class SamplerManager;
+class BufferManager;
+class ImageManager;
+class CommitManager;
+} // namespace systems
 
 namespace tinygltf
 {
@@ -18,7 +34,6 @@ struct Image;
 }
 
 struct Image;
-struct TextureHandle;
 struct Texture;
 
 constexpr auto GLTF_ASCII_FILE_EXTENSION = ".gltf";
@@ -36,14 +51,14 @@ struct MeshPrimitive
 struct Material
 {
     vec4 m_AlbedoFactor;                         // 16   16
-    vec3 m_EmissionFactor;         // 12   28
-    f32 m_MetalFactor;             // 04   32
-    f32 m_RoughFactor;             // 04   36
-    TextureHandle m_AlbedoTex;     // 04   40
-    TextureHandle m_NormalTex;     // 04   44
-    TextureHandle m_MetalRoughTex; // 04   48
-    TextureHandle m_OcclusionTex;  // 04   52
-    TextureHandle m_EmissionTex;   // 04   56
+    vec4 m_EmissionFactor;                       // 16   32
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_AlbedoTex;     // 08   40
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_NormalTex;     // 08   48
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_MetalRoughTex; // 08   56
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_OcclusionTex;  // 08   64
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_EmissionTex;   // 08   72
+    f32 m_MetalFactor;                           // 04   76
+    f32 m_RoughFactor;                           // 04   80
 };
 
 struct VertexData
@@ -56,49 +71,61 @@ struct VertexData
 
 struct Model
 {
-    GpuResourceManager *m_ResourceManager;
-
-    eastl::vector<TextureHandle> m_TextureHandles;
+    eastl::vector<systems::ResId<TextureView>> m_TextureHandles;
     Nodes m_Nodes;
 
+    struct ModelHandlesData
+    {
+        uptr m_VertexPositionHandle;
+        uptr m_VertexDataHandle;
+        uptr m_MaterialsHandle;
+        uptr m_NodeHandle;
+    };
+
     struct ModelHandles
     {
-        BufferHandle m_VertexPositionHandle;
-        BufferHandle m_VertexDataHandle;
-        BufferHandle m_MaterialsHandle;
-        BufferHandle m_NodeHandle;
+        Ref<Buffer> m_VertexPositionHandle;
+        Ref<Buffer> m_VertexDataHandle;
+        Ref<Buffer> m_MaterialsHandle;
+        Ref<Buffer> m_NodeHandle;
+
+        operator ModelHandlesData() const
+        {
+            return {
+                .m_VertexPositionHandle = m_VertexPositionHandle->GetDeviceAddress(),
+                .m_VertexDataHandle = m_VertexDataHandle->GetDeviceAddress(),
+                .m_MaterialsHandle = m_MaterialsHandle->GetDeviceAddress(),
+                .m_NodeHandle = m_NodeHandle->GetDeviceAddress(),
+            };
+        }
     } m_Handles;
 
-    IndexBuffer m_IndexBuffer;
+    Ref<Buffer> m_NodeBuffer;
+    Ref<IndexBuffer> m_IndexBuffer;
+    Ref<Buffer> m_ModelHandlesBuffer;
     eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> m_MeshPrimitives;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] const mat4 &GetModelTransform() const;
-    void SetModelTransform(const mat4 &transform);
+    [[nodiscard]] mat4 const &GetModelTransform() const;
+    void SetModelTransform(mat4 const &transform);
     void Update();
 
-    Model(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager, eastl::vector<TextureHandle> &&textureHandles, Nodes &&nodes,
-          const ModelHandles &handles, const IndexBuffer &indexBuffer,
-          const eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> &meshPrimitives);
-    ~Model();
+    Model(eastl::vector<systems::ResId<TextureView>> &textureHandles, Nodes &&nodes, Ref<Buffer> nodeBuffer,
+          ModelHandles &handles, Ref<Buffer> modelHandlesBuffer, Ref<IndexBuffer> indexBuffer,
+          eastl::vector<MeshPrimitive> const &meshPrimitives);
+    ~Model() = default;
 
-    Model(Model &&other) noexcept;
-    Model &operator=(Model &&other) noexcept;
+    Model(Model &&other) noexcept = default;
+    Model &operator=(Model &&other) noexcept = default;
 
-    Model(const Model &) = delete;
-    const Model &operator=(const Model &) = delete;
+    Model(Model const &) = delete;
+    Model const &operator=(Model const &) = delete;
 };
 
 struct AssetLoader
 {
-    GpuResourceManager *m_ResourceManager;
-    vk::CommandPool m_CommandPool;
-    vk::CommandBuffer m_CommandBuffer;
-    vk::Queue m_TransferQueue;
-    u32 m_TransferQueueIndex;
-    u32 m_GraphicsQueueIndex;
+    systems::RenderingDevice *m_Device;
 
-    void LoadHdrImage(Texture *texture, cstr path, cstr name = nullptr) const;
-    TextureHandle LoadImageToGpu(StagingBuffer *stagingBuffer, tinygltf::Image *image, bool isSrgb) const;
+    Ref<TextureView> LoadHdrImage(cstr path, cstr name = nullptr) const;
     Model LoadModelToGpu(cstr path, cstr name = nullptr);
 
     constexpr static auto ANormal = "NORMAL";
@@ -110,17 +137,32 @@ struct AssetLoader
     constexpr static auto AJoints0 = "JOINTS_0";
     constexpr static auto AWeights0 = "WEIGHTS_0";
 
-    AssetLoader(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager, vk::Queue transferQueue, u32 transferQueueIndex,
-                u32 graphicsQueueIndex);
-    ~AssetLoader();
+    explicit AssetLoader(systems::RenderingDevice &device);
 
-    AssetLoader(AssetLoader &&other) noexcept;
-    AssetLoader &operator=(AssetLoader &&other) noexcept;
-
-    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AssetLoader);
+  private:
+    systems::ResId<TextureView>
+    LoadImageToGpu(systems::TransferContext &context, tinygltf::Image *image, bool isSrgb, cstr name = nullptr) const;
 };
 
-void GenerateMipMaps(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer, Texture *texture, vk::ImageLayout initialLayout,
-                     vk::ImageLayout finalLayout,
+void
+GenerateMipMaps(systems::TransferContext &context, Ref<Texture> const &textureView, vk::ImageLayout initialLayout,
+                vk::ImageLayout finalLayout, vk::PipelineStageFlags2 prevStage, vk::PipelineStageFlags2 finalStage);
+
+void
+GenerateMipMaps(systems::TransferContext &context, concepts::ImageRefTo<Texture> auto &texture,
+                vk::ImageLayout initialLayout, vk::ImageLayout finalLayout,
                 vk::PipelineStageFlags2 prevStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands,
-                     vk::PipelineStageFlags2 finalStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands);
+                vk::PipelineStageFlags2 finalStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands)
+{
+    GenerateMipMaps(context, systems::CastImage<Texture>(texture), initialLayout, finalLayout, prevStage, finalStage);
+}
+
+void
+GenerateMipMaps(systems::TransferContext &context, concepts::ViewRefTo<Texture> auto &texture,
+                vk::ImageLayout initialLayout, vk::ImageLayout finalLayout,
+                vk::PipelineStageFlags2 prevStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands,
+                vk::PipelineStageFlags2 finalStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands)
+{
+    GenerateMipMaps(context, systems::CastImage<Texture>(texture->m_Image), initialLayout, finalLayout, prevStage,
+                    finalStage);
+}

samples/03_model_render/gpu_resource_manager.cpp

@@ -1,688 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: gpu_resource_manager.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#include "gpu_resource_manager.h"
-
-#include "helpers.h"
-
-#include "aster/core/buffer.h"
-#include "aster/core/device.h"
-#include "aster/core/image.h"
-
-#include <EASTL/array.h>
-
-void
-TextureManager::Init(const u32 maxCapacity)
-{
-    m_MaxCapacity = maxCapacity;
-    m_FreeHead = GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE;
-}
-
-TextureHandle
-TextureManager::Commit(Texture *texture)
-{
-    ERROR_IF(!texture || !texture->IsValid(), "Texture must be valid for committal")
-    THEN_ABORT(-1);
-
-    if (m_FreeHead != GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE)
-    {
-        const u32 index = m_FreeHead;
-
-        Texture *allocatedTexture = &m_Textures[index];
-
-        assert(!allocatedTexture->IsValid());
-        m_FreeHead = *Recast<u32 *>(allocatedTexture);
-
-        // Ensure it is copyable.
-        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Texture>);
-        *allocatedTexture = *texture;
-
-        // Take ownership of the texture.
-        texture->m_Flags_ &= ~Texture::OWNED_BIT;
-
-        return {index};
-    }
-
-    const u32 index = Cast<u32>(m_Textures.size());
-    if (index < m_MaxCapacity)
-    {
-        Texture *allocatedTexture = &m_Textures.push_back();
-
-        // Ensure it is copyable.
-        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Texture>);
-        *allocatedTexture = *texture;
-
-        texture->m_Flags_ &= ~Texture::OWNED_BIT;
-
-        return {index};
-    }
-
-    ERROR("Out of Buffers") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-}
-
-Texture *
-TextureManager::Fetch(const TextureHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
-
-    return &m_Textures[handle.m_Index];
-}
-
-void
-TextureManager::Release(const Device *device, const TextureHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
-
-    Texture *allocatedTexture = &m_Textures[handle.m_Index];
-    allocatedTexture->Destroy(device);
-
-    assert(!allocatedTexture->IsValid());
-    *Recast<u32 *>(allocatedTexture) = m_FreeHead;
-
-    m_FreeHead = handle.m_Index;
-}
-
-void
-TextureManager::Destroy(const Device *device)
-{
-    for (auto &texture : m_Textures)
-    {
-        texture.Destroy(device);
-    }
-}
-
-void
-BufferManager::Init(const u32 maxCapacity)
-{
-    m_MaxCapacity = maxCapacity;
-    m_FreeHead = GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE;
-}
-
-BufferHandle
-BufferManager::Commit(StorageBuffer *buffer)
-{
-    ERROR_IF(!buffer || !buffer->IsValid() || !buffer->IsOwned(), "Buffer must be valid and owned for commital")
-    THEN_ABORT(-1);
-
-    if (m_FreeHead != GpuResourceHandle::INVALID_HANDLE)
-    {
-        const u32 index = m_FreeHead;
-
-        StorageBuffer *allocatedBuffer = &m_Buffers[index];
-
-        assert(!allocatedBuffer->IsValid());
-        m_FreeHead = *Recast<u32 *>(allocatedBuffer);
-
-        // Ensure it is copyable.
-        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<StorageBuffer>);
-        *allocatedBuffer = *buffer;
-
-        // Take ownership of the buffer.
-        buffer->m_Size_ &= ~StorageBuffer::OWNED_BIT;
-
-        return {index};
-    }
-
-    const u32 index = Cast<u32>(m_Buffers.size());
-    if (index < m_MaxCapacity)
-    {
-        StorageBuffer *allocatedBuffer = &m_Buffers.push_back();
-
-        // Ensure it is copyable.
-        static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<StorageBuffer>);
-        *allocatedBuffer = *buffer;
-
-        buffer->m_Size_ &= ~StorageBuffer::OWNED_BIT;
-
-        return {index};
-    }
-
-    ERROR("Out of Buffers") THEN_ABORT(-1);
-}
-
-StorageBuffer *
-BufferManager::Fetch(const BufferHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
-
-    return &m_Buffers[handle.m_Index];
-}
-
-void
-BufferManager::Release(const Device *device, const BufferHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
-
-    StorageBuffer *allocatedBuffer = &m_Buffers[handle.m_Index];
-    allocatedBuffer->Destroy(device);
-
-    assert(!allocatedBuffer->IsValid());
-    *Recast<u32 *>(allocatedBuffer) = m_FreeHead;
-
-    m_FreeHead = handle.m_Index;
-}
-
-void
-BufferManager::Destroy(const Device *device)
-{
-    for (auto &buffer : m_Buffers)
-    {
-        buffer.Destroy(device);
-    }
-}
-
-StorageTextureHandle
-StorageTextureManager::Commit(StorageTexture *texture)
-{
-    const TextureHandle tx = TextureManager::Commit(texture);
-    return {tx.m_Index};
-}
-
-StorageTexture *
-StorageTextureManager::Fetch(const StorageTextureHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
-
-    return Recast<StorageTexture *>(&m_Textures[handle.m_Index]);
-}
-
-void
-StorageTextureManager::Release(const Device *device, const StorageTextureHandle handle)
-{
-    TextureManager::Release(device, {handle.m_Index});
-}
-
-usize
-HashSamplerCreateInfo(const vk::SamplerCreateInfo *createInfo)
-{
-    usize hash = HashAny(createInfo->flags);
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->magFilter));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->minFilter));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->mipmapMode));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->addressModeU));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->addressModeV));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->addressModeW));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(Cast<usize>(createInfo->mipLodBias * 1000))); // Resolution of 10^-3
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->anisotropyEnable));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash,
-                       HashAny(Cast<usize>(createInfo->maxAnisotropy * 0x10))); // 16:1 Anisotropy is enough resolution
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->compareEnable));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->compareOp));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(Cast<usize>(createInfo->minLod * 1000))); // 0.001 resolution is enough.
-    hash = HashCombine(hash,
-                       HashAny(Cast<usize>(createInfo->maxLod * 1000))); // 0.001 resolution is enough. (1 == NO Clamp)
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->borderColor));
-    hash = HashCombine(hash, HashAny(createInfo->unnormalizedCoordinates));
-
-    return hash;
-}
-
-void
-SamplerManager::Init(usize size)
-{
-    m_Samplers.reserve(size);
-    m_SamplerHashes.reserve(size);
-}
-
-SamplerHandle
-SamplerManager::Create(const Device *device, const vk::SamplerCreateInfo *createInfo)
-{
-    const usize hash = HashSamplerCreateInfo(createInfo);
-
-    for (u32 index = 0; usize samplerHash : m_SamplerHashes)
-    {
-        if (samplerHash == hash)
-        {
-            return {index};
-        }
-        ++index;
-    }
-
-    vk::Sampler sampler;
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.createSampler(createInfo, nullptr, &sampler));
-    const u32 index = Cast<u32>(m_SamplerHashes.size());
-    m_SamplerHashes.push_back(hash);
-    m_Samplers.push_back(sampler);
-    return {index};
-}
-
-vk::Sampler
-SamplerManager::Fetch(const SamplerHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(!handle.IsInvalid());
-
-    return m_Samplers[handle.m_Index];
-}
-
-void
-SamplerManager::Destroy(const Device *device)
-{
-    for (const auto &sampler : m_Samplers)
-    {
-        device->m_Device.destroy(sampler, nullptr);
-    }
-    m_Samplers.clear();
-    m_SamplerHashes.clear();
-}
-
-GpuResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo info)
-    : uBufferInfo(info)
-{
-}
-
-GpuResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorImageInfo info)
-    : uImageInfo(info)
-{
-}
-
-GpuResourceManager::WriteInfo::WriteInfo(vk::BufferView info)
-    : uBufferView(info)
-{
-}
-
-BufferHandle
-GpuResourceManager::Commit(StorageBuffer *storageBuffer)
-{
-    const BufferHandle handle = m_BufferManager.Commit(storageBuffer);
-
-    m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo{
-        .buffer = storageBuffer->m_Buffer,
-        .offset = 0,
-        .range = storageBuffer->GetSize(),
-    });
-
-    m_Writes.push_back({
-        .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
-        .dstBinding = BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX,
-        .dstArrayElement = handle.m_Index,
-        .descriptorCount = 1,
-        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-        .pBufferInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uBufferInfo,
-    });
-
-    m_WriteOwner.emplace_back(HandleType::eBuffer, handle.m_Index);
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    ++m_CommitedBufferCount;
-#endif
-
-    return handle;
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::Write(const BufferHandle handle, const usize offset, const usize size, const void *data)
-{
-    m_BufferManager.Fetch(handle)->Write(m_Device, offset, size, data);
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::EraseWrites(u32 handleIndex, HandleType handleType)
-{
-    auto writeIter = m_Writes.begin();
-    auto ownerIter = m_WriteOwner.begin();
-    const auto ownerEnd = m_WriteOwner.end();
-
-    while (ownerIter != ownerEnd)
-    {
-        if (ownerIter->first == handleType && ownerIter->second == handleIndex)
-        {
-            *writeIter = m_Writes.back();
-            *ownerIter = m_WriteOwner.back();
-            m_Writes.pop_back();
-            m_WriteOwner.pop_back();
-            return;
-        }
-
-        ++ownerIter;
-        ++writeIter;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::Release(BufferHandle handle)
-{
-    if (handle.IsInvalid())
-        return;
-
-    EraseWrites(handle.m_Index, HandleType::eBuffer);
-
-    m_BufferManager.Release(m_Device, handle);
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    --m_CommitedBufferCount;
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::Release(StorageBuffer *storageBuffer, const BufferHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(storageBuffer);
-    assert(!storageBuffer->IsValid());
-
-    StorageBuffer *internal = m_BufferManager.Fetch(handle);
-    *storageBuffer = *internal;
-    internal->m_Size_ &= ~StorageBuffer::OWNED_BIT;
-
-    Release(handle);
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::Release(TextureHandle handle)
-{
-    if (handle.IsInvalid())
-        return;
-
-    EraseWrites(handle.m_Index, HandleType::eTexture);
-
-    m_TextureManager.Release(m_Device, handle);
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    --m_CommitedTextureCount;
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::Release(Texture *texture, TextureHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(texture);
-    assert(!texture->IsValid());
-
-    Texture *internal = m_TextureManager.Fetch(handle);
-    *texture = *internal;
-    internal->m_Flags_ &= ~Texture::OWNED_BIT;
-
-    Release(handle);
-}
-
-TextureHandle
-GpuResourceManager::CommitTexture(Texture *texture, const SamplerHandle sampler)
-{
-    TextureHandle handle = m_TextureManager.Commit(texture);
-
-    const vk::Sampler samplerImpl = sampler.IsInvalid() ? m_DefaultSampler : m_SamplerManager.Fetch(sampler);
-
-    m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
-        .sampler = samplerImpl,
-        .imageView = texture->m_View,
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
-    });
-
-    m_Writes.push_back({
-        .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
-        .dstBinding = TEXTURE_BINDING_INDEX,
-        .dstArrayElement = handle.m_Index,
-        .descriptorCount = 1,
-        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
-        .pImageInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uImageInfo,
-    });
-
-    m_WriteOwner.emplace_back(HandleType::eTexture, handle.m_Index);
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    ++m_CommitedTextureCount;
-#endif
-
-    return {handle};
-}
-
-StorageTextureHandle
-GpuResourceManager::CommitStorageTexture(StorageTexture *storageTexture, SamplerHandle sampler)
-{
-    StorageTextureHandle handle = m_StorageTextureManager.Commit(storageTexture);
-
-    vk::Sampler samplerImpl = sampler.IsInvalid() ? m_DefaultSampler : m_SamplerManager.Fetch(sampler);
-
-    m_WriteInfos.emplace_back(vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
-        .sampler = samplerImpl,
-        .imageView = storageTexture->m_View,
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
-    });
-
-    m_Writes.push_back({
-        .dstSet = m_DescriptorSet,
-        .dstBinding = STORAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING_INDEX,
-        .dstArrayElement = handle.m_Index,
-        .descriptorCount = 1,
-        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
-        .pImageInfo = &m_WriteInfos.back().uImageInfo,
-    });
-
-    m_WriteOwner.emplace_back(HandleType::eStorageTexture, handle.m_Index);
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    ++m_CommitedStorageTextureCount;
-#endif
-
-    return {handle};
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::Release(StorageTextureHandle handle)
-{
-    if (handle.IsInvalid())
-        return;
-
-    EraseWrites(handle.m_Index, HandleType::eTexture);
-
-    m_StorageTextureManager.Release(m_Device, handle);
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    --m_CommitedStorageTextureCount;
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::Release(StorageTexture *texture, const StorageTextureHandle handle)
-{
-    assert(texture);
-    assert(!texture->IsValid());
-
-    StorageTexture *internal = m_StorageTextureManager.Fetch(handle);
-    *texture = *internal;
-    internal->m_Flags_ &= ~StorageTexture::OWNED_BIT;
-
-    Release(handle);
-}
-
-void
-GpuResourceManager::Update()
-{
-    if (m_Writes.empty() || m_WriteInfos.empty())
-        return;
-
-    m_Device->m_Device.updateDescriptorSets(Cast<u32>(m_Writes.size()), m_Writes.data(), 0, nullptr);
-
-    m_Writes.clear();
-    m_WriteInfos.clear();
-    m_WriteOwner.clear();
-}
-
-GpuResourceManager::GpuResourceManager(Device *device, u16 maxSize)
-    : m_Device(device)
-{
-    vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties properties;
-    m_Device->m_PhysicalDevice.getProperties(&properties);
-
-    u32 buffersCount = eastl::min(properties.limits.maxPerStageDescriptorStorageBuffers - 1024, Cast<u32>(maxSize));
-    u32 texturesCount = eastl::min(properties.limits.maxPerStageDescriptorSampledImages - 1024, Cast<u32>(maxSize));
-    u32 storageTexturesCount =
-        eastl::min(properties.limits.maxPerStageDescriptorStorageImages - 1024, Cast<u32>(maxSize));
-
-    INFO("Max Buffer Count: {}", buffersCount);
-    INFO("Max Texture Count: {}", texturesCount);
-    INFO("Max Storage Texture Count: {}", storageTexturesCount);
-
-    m_BufferManager.Init(buffersCount);
-    m_TextureManager.Init(texturesCount);
-    m_StorageTextureManager.Init(storageTexturesCount);
-    m_SamplerManager.Init(storageTexturesCount);
-
-    m_DefaultSamplerCreateInfo = {
-        .magFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear,
-        .minFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear,
-        .mipmapMode = vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eLinear,
-        .addressModeU = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
-        .addressModeV = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
-        .addressModeW = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
-        .mipLodBias = 0.0f,
-        .anisotropyEnable = true,
-        .maxAnisotropy = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy,
-        .compareEnable = false,
-        .minLod = 0,
-        .maxLod = VK_LOD_CLAMP_NONE,
-        .borderColor = vk::BorderColor::eFloatOpaqueBlack,
-        .unnormalizedCoordinates = false,
-    };
-
-    m_DefaultSampler = m_SamplerManager.Fetch(m_SamplerManager.Create(device, &m_DefaultSamplerCreateInfo));
-
-    eastl::array poolSizes = {
-        vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-            .type = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-            .descriptorCount = buffersCount,
-        },
-        vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-            .type = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
-            .descriptorCount = texturesCount,
-        },
-        vk::DescriptorPoolSize{
-            .type = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
-            .descriptorCount = storageTexturesCount,
-        },
-    };
-
-    const vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {
-        .flags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBind,
-        .maxSets = 1,
-        .poolSizeCount = Cast<u32>(poolSizes.size()),
-        .pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data(),
-    };
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.createDescriptorPool(&poolCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_DescriptorPool));
-
-    vk::DescriptorBindingFlags bindingFlags =
-        vk::DescriptorBindingFlagBits::ePartiallyBound | vk::DescriptorBindingFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBind;
-    eastl::array layoutBindingFlags = {
-        bindingFlags,
-        bindingFlags,
-        bindingFlags,
-    };
-
-    vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBindingFlagsCreateInfo bindingFlagsCreateInfo = {
-        .bindingCount = Cast<u32>(layoutBindingFlags.size()),
-        .pBindingFlags = layoutBindingFlags.data(),
-    };
-
-    eastl::array descriptorLayoutBindings = {
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-            .binding = BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer,
-            .descriptorCount = Cast<u32>(buffersCount),
-            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
-        },
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-            .binding = TEXTURE_BINDING_INDEX,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
-            .descriptorCount = Cast<u32>(texturesCount),
-            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
-        },
-        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding{
-            .binding = STORAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING_INDEX,
-            .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
-            .descriptorCount = Cast<u32>(storageTexturesCount),
-            .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eAll,
-        },
-    };
-    static_assert(layoutBindingFlags.size() == descriptorLayoutBindings.size());
-    const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo = {
-        .pNext = &bindingFlagsCreateInfo,
-        .flags = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlagBits::eUpdateAfterBindPool,
-        .bindingCount = Cast<u32>(descriptorLayoutBindings.size()),
-        .pBindings = descriptorLayoutBindings.data(),
-    };
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.createDescriptorSetLayout(&descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &m_SetLayout));
-
-    // One descriptor is enough. Updating it at any time is safe. (Update until submit, data held when pending)
-    // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing.html
-    // https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Guide/blob/main/chapters/extensions/VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing.adoc
-    const vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo descriptorSetAllocateInfo = {
-        .descriptorPool = m_DescriptorPool,
-        .descriptorSetCount = 1,
-        .pSetLayouts = &m_SetLayout,
-    };
-    AbortIfFailed(device->m_Device.allocateDescriptorSets(&descriptorSetAllocateInfo, &m_DescriptorSet));
-
-    m_Device->SetName(m_SetLayout, "Bindless Layout");
-    m_Device->SetName(m_DescriptorPool, "Bindless Pool");
-    m_Device->SetName(m_DescriptorSet, "Bindless Set");
-}
-
-GpuResourceManager::~GpuResourceManager()
-{
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    WARN_IF(m_CommitedBufferCount > 0 || m_CommitedTextureCount > 0 || m_CommitedStorageTextureCount > 0,
-            "Resources alive: SSBO = {}, Textures = {}, RWTexture = {}", m_CommitedBufferCount, m_CommitedTextureCount,
-            m_CommitedStorageTextureCount);
-#endif
-
-    m_BufferManager.Destroy(m_Device);
-    m_TextureManager.Destroy(m_Device);
-    m_StorageTextureManager.Destroy(m_Device);
-    m_SamplerManager.Destroy(m_Device);
-    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_DescriptorPool, nullptr);
-    m_Device->m_Device.destroy(m_SetLayout, nullptr);
-}
-
-GpuResourceManager::GpuResourceManager(GpuResourceManager &&other) noexcept
-    : m_WriteInfos(std::move(other.m_WriteInfos))
-    , m_Writes(std::move(other.m_Writes))
-    , m_WriteOwner(std::move(other.m_WriteOwner))
-    , m_BufferManager(std::move(other.m_BufferManager))
-    , m_TextureManager(std::move(other.m_TextureManager))
-    , m_StorageTextureManager(std::move(other.m_StorageTextureManager))
-    , m_SamplerManager(std::move(other.m_SamplerManager))
-    , m_Device(Take(other.m_Device))
-    , m_DescriptorPool(other.m_DescriptorPool)
-    , m_SetLayout(other.m_SetLayout)
-    , m_DescriptorSet(other.m_DescriptorSet)
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    , m_CommitedBufferCount(other.m_CommitedBufferCount)
-    , m_CommitedTextureCount(other.m_CommitedTextureCount)
-    , m_CommitedStorageTextureCount(other.m_CommitedStorageTextureCount)
-#endif
-{
-    assert(!other.m_Device);
-}
-
-GpuResourceManager &
-GpuResourceManager::operator=(GpuResourceManager &&other) noexcept
-{
-    if (this == &other)
-        return *this;
-    m_WriteInfos = std::move(other.m_WriteInfos);
-    m_Writes = std::move(other.m_Writes);
-    m_WriteOwner = std::move(other.m_WriteOwner);
-    m_BufferManager = std::move(other.m_BufferManager);
-    m_TextureManager = std::move(other.m_TextureManager);
-    m_StorageTextureManager = std::move(other.m_StorageTextureManager);
-    m_SamplerManager = std::move(other.m_SamplerManager);
-    m_Device = Take(other.m_Device); // Ensure taken.
-    m_DescriptorPool = other.m_DescriptorPool;
-    m_SetLayout = other.m_SetLayout;
-    m_DescriptorSet = other.m_DescriptorSet;
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    m_CommitedBufferCount = other.m_CommitedBufferCount;
-    m_CommitedTextureCount = other.m_CommitedTextureCount;
-    m_CommitedStorageTextureCount = other.m_CommitedStorageTextureCount;
-#endif
-
-    assert(!other.m_Device);
-    return *this;
-}
-
-SamplerHandle
-GpuResourceManager::CreateSampler(const vk::SamplerCreateInfo *samplerCreateInfo)
-{
-    return m_SamplerManager.Create(m_Device, samplerCreateInfo);
-}

samples/03_model_render/gpu_resource_manager.h

@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-// =============================================
-//  Aster: gpu_resource_manager.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
-// =============================================
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "aster/aster.h"
-
-#include <EASTL/deque.h>
-#include <EASTL/vector_map.h>
-
-struct Device;
-struct Texture;
-struct StorageTexture;
-struct StorageBuffer;
-
-struct GpuResourceHandle
-{
-    constexpr static u32 INVALID_HANDLE = MaxValue<u32>;
-    u32 m_Index = INVALID_HANDLE; // Default = invalid
-
-    [[nodiscard]] bool
-    IsInvalid() const
-    {
-        return m_Index == INVALID_HANDLE;
-    }
-};
-
-struct BufferHandle : GpuResourceHandle
-{
-};
-
-struct TextureHandle : GpuResourceHandle
-{
-};
-
-struct StorageTextureHandle : GpuResourceHandle
-{
-};
-
-struct SamplerHandle : GpuResourceHandle
-{
-};
-
-struct TextureManager
-{
-    eastl::vector<Texture> m_Textures;
-    u32 m_MaxCapacity;
-    u32 m_FreeHead;
-
-    void Init(u32 maxCapacity);
-    TextureHandle Commit(Texture *texture);
-    Texture *Fetch(TextureHandle handle);
-    void Release(const Device *device, TextureHandle handle);
-    void Destroy(const Device *device);
-};
-
-struct BufferManager
-{
-    eastl::vector<StorageBuffer> m_Buffers;
-    u32 m_MaxCapacity;
-    u32 m_FreeHead;
-
-    void Init(u32 maxCapacity);
-    BufferHandle Commit(StorageBuffer *buffer);
-    StorageBuffer *Fetch(BufferHandle handle);
-    void Release(const Device *device, BufferHandle handle);
-    void Destroy(const Device *device);
-};
-
-struct StorageTextureManager : TextureManager
-{
-    StorageTextureHandle Commit(StorageTexture *texture);
-    StorageTexture *Fetch(StorageTextureHandle handle);
-    void Release(const Device *device, StorageTextureHandle handle);
-};
-
-struct SamplerManager
-{
-    // There can only be so many samplers.
-    eastl::vector<vk::Sampler> m_Samplers;
-    eastl::vector<usize> m_SamplerHashes;
-
-    void Init(usize size);
-    SamplerHandle Create(const Device *device, const vk::SamplerCreateInfo *createInfo);
-    vk::Sampler Fetch(SamplerHandle handle);
-    void Destroy(const Device *device);
-};
-
-struct GpuResourceManager
-{
-  private:
-    union WriteInfo {
-        vk::DescriptorBufferInfo uBufferInfo;
-        vk::DescriptorImageInfo uImageInfo;
-        vk::BufferView uBufferView;
-
-        WriteInfo()
-        {
-        }
-
-        explicit WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorBufferInfo info);
-        explicit WriteInfo(vk::DescriptorImageInfo info);
-        explicit WriteInfo(vk::BufferView info);
-    };
-
-    enum class HandleType
-    {
-        eBuffer,
-        eTexture,
-        eStorageTexture,
-    };
-
-    using WriteOwner = eastl::pair<HandleType, u32>;
-
-    eastl::deque<WriteInfo> m_WriteInfos;
-    eastl::vector<vk::WriteDescriptorSet> m_Writes;
-    eastl::vector<WriteOwner> m_WriteOwner;
-
-    vk::Sampler m_DefaultSampler;
-
-    BufferManager m_BufferManager;
-    TextureManager m_TextureManager;
-    StorageTextureManager m_StorageTextureManager;
-    SamplerManager m_SamplerManager;
-
-    void EraseWrites(u32 handleIndex, HandleType handleType);
-
-  public:
-    Device *m_Device;
-
-    constexpr static u32 BUFFER_BINDING_INDEX = 0;
-    constexpr static u32 TEXTURE_BINDING_INDEX = 1;
-    constexpr static u32 STORAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING_INDEX = 2;
-
-    vk::SamplerCreateInfo m_DefaultSamplerCreateInfo;
-
-    vk::DescriptorPool m_DescriptorPool;
-    vk::DescriptorSetLayout m_SetLayout;
-    vk::DescriptorSet m_DescriptorSet;
-
-    BufferHandle Commit(StorageBuffer *storageBuffer);                           // Commit to GPU and take Ownership
-    void Write(BufferHandle handle, usize offset, usize size, const void *data); // Write to buffer
-    void Release(BufferHandle handle);                                           // Release and Destroy
-    void Release(StorageBuffer *storageBuffer, BufferHandle handle);             // Release and Return
-
-    TextureHandle CommitTexture(Texture *texture, SamplerHandle sampler = {}); // Commit to GPU and take Ownership
-    void Release(TextureHandle handle);                                        // Release and Destroy
-    void Release(Texture *texture, TextureHandle handle);                      // Release and Return
-
-    StorageTextureHandle
-    CommitStorageTexture(StorageTexture *storageTexture, SamplerHandle sampler = {}); // Commit to GPU and take Ownership
-    void Release(StorageTextureHandle handle);                                   // Release and Destroy
-    void Release(StorageTexture *texture, StorageTextureHandle handle);          // Release and Return
-
-    SamplerHandle CreateSampler(const vk::SamplerCreateInfo *samplerCreateInfo);
-
-    void Update(); // Update all the descriptors required.
-
-    // Ctor/Dtor
-    GpuResourceManager(Device *device, u16 maxSize);
-    ~GpuResourceManager();
-
-    GpuResourceManager(GpuResourceManager &&other) noexcept;
-    GpuResourceManager &operator=(GpuResourceManager &&other) noexcept;
-
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    usize m_CommitedBufferCount = 0;
-    usize m_CommitedTextureCount = 0;
-    usize m_CommitedStorageTextureCount = 0;
-#endif
-
-    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(GpuResourceManager);
-};

samples/03_model_render/ibl_helpers.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: ibl_helpers.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "ibl_helpers.h"
@@ -9,82 +9,91 @@
 #include "aster/core/image.h"
 
 #include "asset_loader.h"
-#include "gpu_resource_manager.h"
 #include "helpers.h"
-#include "pipeline_utils.h"
+
+#include "aster/systems/commit_manager.h"
+#include "aster/systems/rendering_device.h"
 
 #include <EASTL/fixed_vector.h>
 #include <EASTL/tuple.h>
 
-constexpr cstr EQUIRECT_TO_CUBE_SHADER_FILE = "shader/eqrect_to_cube.cs.hlsl.spv";
-constexpr cstr DIFFUSE_IRRADIANCE_SHADER_FILE = "shader/diffuse_irradiance.cs.hlsl.spv";
-constexpr cstr PREFILTER_SHADER_FILE = "shader/prefilter.cs.hlsl.spv";
-constexpr cstr BRDF_LUT_SHADER_FILE = "shader/brdf_lut.cs.hlsl.spv";
-
-void
-Environment::Destroy(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager)
-{
-    resourceManager->Release(Take(m_Skybox));
-    resourceManager->Release(Take(m_Diffuse));
-    resourceManager->Release(Take(m_Prefilter));
-    resourceManager->Release(Take(m_BrdfLut));
-}
+constexpr auto EQUIRECT_TO_CUBE_SHADER_FILE = "eqrect_to_cube";
+constexpr auto ENVIRONMENT_SHADER_FILE = "environment";
+constexpr auto DIFFUSE_IRRADIANCE_ENTRY = "diffuseIrradiance";
+constexpr auto PREFILTER_ENTRY = "prefilter";
+constexpr auto BRDF_LUT_ENTRY = "brdfLut";
 
 Environment
-CreateCubeFromHdrEnv(AssetLoader *assetLoader, vk::Queue computeQueue, const u32 cubeSide, TextureHandle hdrEnv,
-                     const cstr name)
+CreateCubeFromHdrEnv(AssetLoader &assetLoader, u32 const cubeSide, systems::ResId<TextureView> hdrEnv)
 {
-    GpuResourceManager *resMan = assetLoader->m_ResourceManager;
-    const Device *pDevice = resMan->m_Device;
+    systems::RenderingDevice &device = *assetLoader.m_Device;
+    auto *commitManager = device.m_CommitManager.get();
 
-    vk::SamplerCreateInfo brdfLutSamplerCreateInfo = resMan->m_DefaultSamplerCreateInfo;
-    brdfLutSamplerCreateInfo.addressModeU = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge;
-    brdfLutSamplerCreateInfo.addressModeV = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge;
-    brdfLutSamplerCreateInfo.addressModeW = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge;
+    auto skybox = device.CreateTextureCubeWithView<StorageTextureCubeView>({
+        .m_Format = vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat,
+        .m_Side = cubeSide,
+        .m_Name = "Skybox",
+        .m_IsSampled = true,
+        .m_IsMipMapped = true,
+        .m_IsStorage = true,
+    });
 
-    StorageTextureCube skybox;
-    StorageTextureCube diffuseIrradiance;
-    StorageTextureCube prefilterCube;
-    StorageTexture brdfLut;
-    SamplerHandle brdfLutSampler;
+    auto skyboxHandle = commitManager->CommitTexture(skybox);
+    auto skyboxStorageHandle = commitManager->CommitStorageImage(skybox);
 
-    skybox.Init(pDevice, cubeSide, vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat, true, true, "Skybox");
-    TextureHandle skyboxHandle = resMan->CommitTexture(&skybox);
-    StorageTextureHandle skyboxStorageHandle = resMan->CommitStorageTexture(&skybox);
+    auto diffuseIrradiance = device.CreateTextureCubeWithView<StorageTextureCubeView>({
+        .m_Format = vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat,
+        .m_Side = 64,
+        .m_Name = "Diffuse Irradiance",
+        .m_IsSampled = true,
+        .m_IsMipMapped = false,
+        .m_IsStorage = true,
+    });
+    auto diffuseIrradianceHandle = commitManager->CommitTexture(diffuseIrradiance);
+    auto diffuseIrradianceStorageHandle = commitManager->CommitStorageImage(diffuseIrradiance);
 
-    diffuseIrradiance.Init(pDevice, 64, vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat, true, false, "Diffuse Irradiance");
-    TextureHandle diffuseIrradianceHandle = resMan->CommitTexture(&diffuseIrradiance);
-    StorageTextureHandle diffuseIrradianceStorageHandle = resMan->CommitStorageTexture(&diffuseIrradiance);
-
-    prefilterCube.Init(pDevice, cubeSide, vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat, true, true, "Prefilter");
-    TextureHandle prefilterHandle = resMan->CommitTexture(&prefilterCube); // This stores the original view for us.
+    auto prefilterCube = device.CreateTextureCubeWithView<StorageTextureCubeView>({
+        .m_Format = vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat,
+        .m_Side = cubeSide,
+        .m_Name = "Prefilter",
+        .m_IsSampled = true,
+        .m_IsMipMapped = true,
+        .m_IsStorage = true,
+    });
+    auto prefilterHandle = commitManager->CommitTexture(prefilterCube); // This stores the original view for us.
     constexpr u32 prefilterMipCountMax = 6;
-    eastl::array<StorageTextureHandle, prefilterMipCountMax> prefilterStorageHandles;
+    eastl::fixed_vector<systems::ResId<StorageImageView>, prefilterMipCountMax> prefilterStorageHandles;
     // All non-owning copies.
-    for (u32 mipLevel = 0; auto &tex : prefilterStorageHandles)
+    for (u8 mipLevel = 0; mipLevel < prefilterMipCountMax; ++mipLevel)
     {
-        vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo = {
-            .image = prefilterCube.m_Image,
-            .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::eCube,
-            .format = vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat,
-            .components = vk::ComponentMapping{},
-            .subresourceRange =
-                {
-                    .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                    .baseMipLevel = mipLevel++,
-                    .levelCount = 1,
-                    .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                    .layerCount = 6,
-                },
-        };
-        AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.createImageView(&imageViewCreateInfo, nullptr, &prefilterCube.m_View));
-        tex = resMan->CommitStorageTexture(&prefilterCube);
+        auto view = device.CreateView<StorageTextureCubeView>({
+            .m_Image = systems::CastImage<StorageTextureCube>(prefilterCube->m_Image),
+            .m_ViewType = vk::ImageViewType::eCube,
+            .m_AspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
+            .m_MipLevelCount = 1,
+            .m_LayerCount = 6,
+            .m_BaseMipLevel = mipLevel,
+            .m_BaseLayer = 0,
+        });
+        prefilterStorageHandles.push_back(commitManager->CommitStorageImage(view));
     }
 
-    brdfLut.Init(pDevice, {512, 512}, vk::Format::eR16G16Sfloat, true, "BRDF LUT");
-    brdfLutSampler = resMan->CreateSampler(&brdfLutSamplerCreateInfo);
-    TextureHandle brdfLutHandle = resMan->CommitTexture(&brdfLut, brdfLutSampler);
-    StorageTextureHandle brdfLutStorageHandle = resMan->CommitStorageTexture(&brdfLut);
+    auto brdfLut = device.CreateTexture2DWithView<StorageTextureView>({
+        .m_Format = vk::Format::eR16G16Sfloat,
+        .m_Extent = {512, 512},
+        .m_Name = "BRDF LUT",
+        .m_IsSampled = true,
+        .m_IsMipMapped = false,
+        .m_IsStorage = true,
+    });
+
+    auto brdfLutSampler = device.CreateSampler({
+        .m_AddressModeU = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge,
+        .m_AddressModeV = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge,
+        .m_AddressModeW = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge,
+    });
+    auto brdfLutHandle = commitManager->CommitTexture(brdfLut, brdfLutSampler);
+    auto brdfLutStorageHandle = commitManager->CommitStorageImage(brdfLut);
 
 #pragma region Dependencies and Copies
     vk::ImageSubresourceRange cubeSubresRange = {
@@ -114,14 +123,14 @@ CreateCubeFromHdrEnv(AssetLoader *assetLoader, vk::Queue computeQueue, const u32
         .subresourceRange = cubeSubresRange,
     };
     eastl::fixed_vector<vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2, 4> readyToWriteBarriers(4, readyToWriteBarrierTemplate);
-    readyToWriteBarriers[0].image = skybox.m_Image;
-    readyToWriteBarriers[1].image = diffuseIrradiance.m_Image;
-    readyToWriteBarriers[2].image = prefilterCube.m_Image;
-    readyToWriteBarriers[3].image = brdfLut.m_Image;
+    readyToWriteBarriers[0].image = skybox->GetImage();
+    readyToWriteBarriers[1].image = diffuseIrradiance->GetImage();
+    readyToWriteBarriers[2].image = prefilterCube->GetImage();
+    readyToWriteBarriers[3].image = brdfLut->GetImage();
     readyToWriteBarriers[3].subresourceRange = lutSubresRange;
 
     vk::DependencyInfo readyToWriteDependency = {
-        .imageMemoryBarrierCount = Cast<u32>(readyToWriteBarriers.size()),
+        .imageMemoryBarrierCount = static_cast<u32>(readyToWriteBarriers.size()),
         .pImageMemoryBarriers = readyToWriteBarriers.data(),
     };
 
@@ -136,16 +145,16 @@ CreateCubeFromHdrEnv(AssetLoader *assetLoader, vk::Queue computeQueue, const u32
         .subresourceRange = cubeSubresRange,
     };
     auto skyboxToSampleBarrier = readyToSampleBarrierTemplate;
-    skyboxToSampleBarrier.image = skybox.m_Image;
+    skyboxToSampleBarrier.image = skybox->GetImage();
 
     auto diffIrrToSampleBarrier = readyToSampleBarrierTemplate;
-    diffIrrToSampleBarrier.image = diffuseIrradiance.m_Image;
+    diffIrrToSampleBarrier.image = diffuseIrradiance->GetImage();
 
     auto prefilterToSampleBarrier = readyToSampleBarrierTemplate;
-    prefilterToSampleBarrier.image = prefilterCube.m_Image;
+    prefilterToSampleBarrier.image = prefilterCube->GetImage();
 
     auto brdfToSampleBarrier = readyToSampleBarrierTemplate;
-    prefilterToSampleBarrier.image = brdfLut.m_Image;
+    prefilterToSampleBarrier.image = brdfLut->GetImage();
     prefilterToSampleBarrier.subresourceRange = lutSubresRange;
 
     vk::DependencyInfo skyboxToSampleDependency = {
@@ -169,103 +178,144 @@ CreateCubeFromHdrEnv(AssetLoader *assetLoader, vk::Queue computeQueue, const u32
 
     struct SkyboxPushConstants
     {
-        TextureHandle m_HdrEnvHandle;
-        StorageTextureHandle m_OutputTexture;
+        systems::ResId<TextureView> m_HdrEnvHandle;
+        systems::ResId<StorageImageView> m_OutputTexture;
         u32 m_CubeSide;
     };
     struct DiffuseIrradiancePushConstants
     {
-        TextureHandle m_SkyboxHandle;
-        StorageTextureHandle m_OutputTexture;
+        systems::ResId<TextureView> m_SkyboxHandle;
+        systems::ResId<StorageImageView> m_OutputTexture;
         u32 m_CubeSide;
     };
     struct PrefilterPushConstants
     {
-        TextureHandle m_SkyboxHandle;
-        StorageTextureHandle m_OutputTexture;
+        systems::ResId<TextureView> m_SkyboxHandle;
+        systems::ResId<StorageImageView> m_OutputTexture;
         u32 m_CubeSide;
         f32 m_Roughness;
         u32 m_EnvSide;
     };
     struct BrdfLutPushConstants
     {
-        StorageTextureHandle m_OutputTexture;
+        systems::ResId<StorageImageView> m_OutputTexture;
     };
 
 #pragma region Pipeline Creation etc
 
-    vk::PushConstantRange pcr = {
-        .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
-        .offset = 0,
-        .size = Cast<u32>(eastl::max(eastl::max(sizeof(SkyboxPushConstants), sizeof(BrdfLutPushConstants)),
-                           eastl::max(sizeof(DiffuseIrradiancePushConstants), sizeof(PrefilterPushConstants)))),
-    };
+    // vk::PushConstantRange pcr = {
+    //     .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
+    //     .offset = 0,
+    //     .size = static_cast<u32>(
+    //         eastl::max(eastl::max(sizeof(SkyboxPushConstants), sizeof(BrdfLutPushConstants)),
+    //                    eastl::max(sizeof(DiffuseIrradiancePushConstants), sizeof(PrefilterPushConstants)))),
+    // };
 
-    vk::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
-    const vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo layoutCreateInfo = {
-        .setLayoutCount = 1,
-        .pSetLayouts = &resMan->m_SetLayout,
-        .pushConstantRangeCount = 1,
-        .pPushConstantRanges = &pcr,
-    };
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.createPipelineLayout(&layoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
+    // vk::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
+    // const vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo layoutCreateInfo = {
+    //     .setLayoutCount = 1,
+    //     .pSetLayouts = &commitManager->GetDescriptorSetLayout(),
+    //     .pushConstantRangeCount = 1,
+    //     .pPushConstantRanges = &pcr,
+    // };
+    // AbortIfFailed(device.m_Device->createPipelineLayout(&layoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
 
-    const auto eqRectToCubeShader = CreateShader(pDevice, EQUIRECT_TO_CUBE_SHADER_FILE);
-    const auto diffuseRadianceShader = CreateShader(pDevice, DIFFUSE_IRRADIANCE_SHADER_FILE);
-    const auto prefilterShader = CreateShader(pDevice, PREFILTER_SHADER_FILE);
-    const auto brdfLutShader = CreateShader(pDevice, BRDF_LUT_SHADER_FILE);
-    eastl::array computePipelineCreateInfo = {
-        vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo{
-            .stage =
-                {
-                    .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
-                    .module = eqRectToCubeShader,
-                    .pName = "main",
-                },
-            .layout = pipelineLayout,
-        },
-        vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo{
-            .stage =
-                {
-                    .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
-                    .module = diffuseRadianceShader,
-                    .pName = "main",
-                },
-            .layout = pipelineLayout,
-        },
-        vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo{
-            .stage =
-                {
-                    .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
-                    .module = prefilterShader,
-                    .pName = "main",
-                },
-            .layout = pipelineLayout,
-        },
-        vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo{
-            .stage =
-                {
-                    .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
-                    .module = brdfLutShader,
-                    .pName = "main",
-                },
-            .layout = pipelineLayout,
-        },
-    };
+    // const auto eqRectToCubeShader = CreateShader(pDevice, EQUIRECT_TO_CUBE_SHADER_FILE);
+    // const auto diffuseRadianceShader = CreateShader(pDevice, DIFFUSE_IRRADIANCE_SHADER_FILE);
+    // const auto prefilterShader = CreateShader(pDevice, PREFILTER_SHADER_FILE);
+    // const auto brdfLutShader = CreateShader(pDevice, BRDF_LUT_SHADER_FILE);
+    // eastl::array computePipelineCreateInfo = {
+    //     vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo{
+    //         .stage =
+    //             {
+    //                 .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
+    //                 .module = eqRectToCubeShader,
+    //                 .pName = "main",
+    //             },
+    //         .layout = pipelineLayout,
+    //     },
+    //     vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo{
+    //         .stage =
+    //             {
+    //                 .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
+    //                 .module = diffuseRadianceShader,
+    //                 .pName = "main",
+    //             },
+    //         .layout = pipelineLayout,
+    //     },
+    //     vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo{
+    //         .stage =
+    //             {
+    //                 .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
+    //                 .module = prefilterShader,
+    //                 .pName = "main",
+    //             },
+    //         .layout = pipelineLayout,
+    //     },
+    //     vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo{
+    //         .stage =
+    //             {
+    //                 .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute,
+    //                 .module = brdfLutShader,
+    //                 .pName = "main",
+    //             },
+    //         .layout = pipelineLayout,
+    //     },
+    // };
 
-    eastl::array<vk::Pipeline, computePipelineCreateInfo.size()> pipelines;
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.createComputePipelines(pDevice->m_PipelineCache, Cast<u32>(computePipelineCreateInfo.size()),
-                                                           computePipelineCreateInfo.data(), nullptr,
-                                                           pipelines.data()));
+    // eastl::array<vk::Pipeline, computePipelineCreateInfo.size()> pipelines;
+    // AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.createComputePipelines(
+    //     pDevice->m_PipelineCache, static_cast<u32>(computePipelineCreateInfo.size()),
+    //     computePipelineCreateInfo.data(), nullptr, pipelines.data()));
 
-    vk::Pipeline eqRectToCubePipeline = pipelines[0];
-    vk::Pipeline diffuseIrradiancePipeline = pipelines[1];
-    vk::Pipeline prefilterPipeline = pipelines[2];
-    vk::Pipeline brdfLutPipeline = pipelines[3];
+    // vk::Pipeline eqRectToCubePipeline = pipelines[0];
+    // vk::Pipeline diffuseIrradiancePipeline = pipelines[1];
+    // vk::Pipeline prefilterPipeline = pipelines[2];
+    // vk::Pipeline brdfLutPipeline = pipelines[3];
 
-    for (auto &createInfos : computePipelineCreateInfo)
+    Pipeline eqRectToCubePipeline;
+
+    if (auto result =
+            device.CreateComputePipeline(eqRectToCubePipeline, {
+                                                                   .m_Shader =
                                                                        {
-        pDevice->m_Device.destroy(createInfos.stage.module, nullptr);
+                                                                           .m_ShaderFile = EQUIRECT_TO_CUBE_SHADER_FILE,
+                                                                           .m_EntryPoints = {"main"},
+                                                                       },
+                                                                   .m_Name = "EqRect -> Cubemap",
+                                                               }))
+    {
+        ERROR("EqRect -> Cubemap Pipeline Creation failed. Cause: {}", result.What()) THEN_ABORT(result.Value());
+    }
+
+    Pipeline diffuseIrradiancePipeline;
+
+    if (auto result = device.CreateComputePipeline(
+            diffuseIrradiancePipeline,
+            {{.m_ShaderFile = ENVIRONMENT_SHADER_FILE, .m_EntryPoints = {DIFFUSE_IRRADIANCE_ENTRY}},
+             "DiffuseIrradiance"}))
+    {
+        ERROR("Diffuse Irradiance compute pipeline creation failed. Cause: {}", result.What())
+        THEN_ABORT(result.Value());
+    }
+
+    Pipeline prefilterPipeline;
+
+    if (auto result = device.CreateComputePipeline(
+            prefilterPipeline,
+            {{.m_ShaderFile = ENVIRONMENT_SHADER_FILE, .m_EntryPoints = {PREFILTER_ENTRY}}, "Prefilter"}))
+    {
+        ERROR("Prefilter compute pipeline creation failed. Cause: {}", result.What())
+        THEN_ABORT(result.Value());
+    }
+
+    Pipeline brdfLutPipeline;
+
+    if (auto result = device.CreateComputePipeline(
+            brdfLutPipeline, {{.m_ShaderFile = ENVIRONMENT_SHADER_FILE, .m_EntryPoints = {BRDF_LUT_ENTRY}}, "BRDF"}))
+    {
+        ERROR("BRDF LUT compute pipeline creation failed. Cause: {}", result.What())
+        THEN_ABORT(result.Value());
     }
 
 #pragma endregion
@@ -278,115 +328,68 @@ CreateCubeFromHdrEnv(AssetLoader *assetLoader, vk::Queue computeQueue, const u32
     DiffuseIrradiancePushConstants diffuseIrradiancePushConstants = {
         .m_SkyboxHandle = skyboxHandle,
         .m_OutputTexture = diffuseIrradianceStorageHandle,
-        .m_CubeSide = diffuseIrradiance.m_Extent.width,
+        .m_CubeSide = diffuseIrradiance->m_Extent.width,
     };
     PrefilterPushConstants prefilterPushConstants = {
         .m_SkyboxHandle = skyboxHandle,
+        .m_OutputTexture = systems::NullId{},
         .m_EnvSide = cubeSide,
     };
     BrdfLutPushConstants brdfLutPushConstants = {
         .m_OutputTexture = brdfLutStorageHandle,
     };
 
-    resMan->Update();
+    commitManager->Update();
 
-    auto cmd = assetLoader->m_CommandBuffer;
-    constexpr vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};
-    AbortIfFailed(cmd.begin(&beginInfo));
+    auto context = assetLoader.m_Device->CreateComputeContext();
 
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    StackString<128> labelName = "Eqrect -> Cubemap: ";
-    labelName += name ? name : "<unknown env>";
-    vk::DebugUtilsLabelEXT label = {
-        .pLabelName = labelName.c_str(),
-        .color = std::array{1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
-    };
-    cmd.beginDebugUtilsLabelEXT(&label);
-#endif
+    context.Begin();
 
-    cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&readyToWriteDependency);
+    context.BeginDebugRegion("Eqrect -> Cubemap");
 
-    cmd.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &resMan->m_DescriptorSet, 0, nullptr);
-    cmd.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, eqRectToCubePipeline);
-    cmd.pushConstants(pipelineLayout, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute, 0, sizeof skyboxPushConstant,
-                      &skyboxPushConstant);
-    assert(skybox.m_Extent.width % 16 == 0 && skybox.m_Extent.height % 16 == 0);
-    cmd.dispatch(skybox.m_Extent.width / 16, skybox.m_Extent.height / 16, 6);
+    context.Dependency(readyToWriteDependency);
 
-    GenerateMipMaps(cmd, &skybox, vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral, vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
+    assert(skybox->m_Extent.width % 16 == 0 && skybox->m_Extent.height % 16 == 0);
+    context.Dispatch(eqRectToCubePipeline, skybox->m_Extent.width / 16, skybox->m_Extent.height / 16, 6,
+                     skyboxPushConstant);
+
+    GenerateMipMaps(context, skybox, vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral, vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
                     vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eComputeShader, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eComputeShader);
 
-    cmd.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, diffuseIrradiancePipeline);
-    cmd.pushConstants(pipelineLayout, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute, 0, sizeof skyboxPushConstant,
-                      &diffuseIrradiancePushConstants);
-    assert(diffuseIrradiance.m_Extent.width % 16 == 0 && diffuseIrradiance.m_Extent.height % 16 == 0);
-    cmd.dispatch(diffuseIrradiance.m_Extent.width / 16, diffuseIrradiance.m_Extent.width / 16, 6);
+    assert(diffuseIrradiance->m_Extent.width % 16 == 0 && diffuseIrradiance->m_Extent.height % 16 == 0);
+    context.Dispatch(diffuseIrradiancePipeline, diffuseIrradiance->m_Extent.width / 16,
+                     diffuseIrradiance->m_Extent.width / 16, 6, diffuseIrradiancePushConstants);
 
-    cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&diffIrrToSampleDependency);
+    context.Dependency(diffIrrToSampleDependency);
 
-    cmd.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, prefilterPipeline);
-    u32 mipSize = prefilterCube.m_Extent.width;
+    u32 mipSize = prefilterCube->m_Extent.width;
     assert(mipSize % 16 == 0);
     for (u32 mipCount = 0; auto &tex : prefilterStorageHandles)
     {
         prefilterPushConstants.m_OutputTexture = tex;
         prefilterPushConstants.m_CubeSide = mipSize;
-        prefilterPushConstants.m_Roughness = Cast<f32>(mipCount) / Cast<f32>(prefilterMipCountMax);
-        cmd.pushConstants(pipelineLayout, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute, 0, sizeof prefilterPushConstants,
-                          &prefilterPushConstants);
+        prefilterPushConstants.m_Roughness = static_cast<f32>(mipCount) / static_cast<f32>(prefilterMipCountMax - 1);
+
         u32 groupCount = eastl::max(mipSize / 16u, 1u);
-        cmd.dispatch(groupCount, groupCount, 6);
+        context.Dispatch(prefilterPipeline, groupCount, groupCount, 6, prefilterPushConstants);
 
         ++mipCount;
         mipSize = mipSize >> 1;
     }
 
-    cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&skyboxToSampleDependency);
-    cmd.pipelineBarrier2(&prefilterToSampleDependency);
+    context.Dependency(skyboxToSampleDependency);
+    context.Dependency(prefilterToSampleDependency);
 
-    cmd.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eCompute, brdfLutPipeline);
-    cmd.pushConstants(pipelineLayout, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eCompute, 0, sizeof brdfLutPushConstants,
-                      &brdfLutPushConstants);
-    assert(brdfLut.m_Extent.width % 16 == 0 && brdfLut.m_Extent.height % 16 == 0);
-    cmd.dispatch(brdfLut.m_Extent.width / 16, brdfLut.m_Extent.height / 16, 1);
+    assert(brdfLut->m_Extent.width % 16 == 0 && brdfLut->m_Extent.height % 16 == 0);
+    context.Dispatch(brdfLutPipeline, brdfLut->m_Extent.width / 16, brdfLut->m_Extent.height / 16, 1,
+                     brdfLutPushConstants);
 
-#if !defined(ASTER_NDEBUG)
-    cmd.endDebugUtilsLabelEXT();
-#endif
+    context.EndDebugRegion();
 
-    AbortIfFailed(cmd.end());
+    context.End();
 
-    vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo = {
-        .waitSemaphoreCount = 0,
-        .pWaitDstStageMask = nullptr,
-        .commandBufferCount = 1,
-        .pCommandBuffers = &cmd,
-    };
-
-    vk::Fence fence;
-    vk::FenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo = {};
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.createFence(&fenceCreateInfo, nullptr, &fence));
-    AbortIfFailed(computeQueue.submit(1, &submitInfo, fence));
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.waitForFences(1, &fence, true, MaxValue<u32>));
-    pDevice->m_Device.destroy(fence, nullptr);
-
-    AbortIfFailed(pDevice->m_Device.resetCommandPool(assetLoader->m_CommandPool, {}));
-
-    skybox = {};
-    resMan->Release(skyboxStorageHandle);
-    resMan->Release(diffuseIrradianceStorageHandle);
-    resMan->Release(brdfLutStorageHandle);
-    for (auto &texHandles : prefilterStorageHandles)
-    {
-        StorageTextureCube st;
-        resMan->Release(&st, texHandles);
-        pDevice->m_Device.destroy(st.m_View, nullptr);
-    }
-    for (auto &pipeline : pipelines)
-    {
-        pDevice->m_Device.destroy(pipeline, nullptr);
-    }
-    pDevice->m_Device.destroy(pipelineLayout, nullptr);
+    auto receipt = device.Submit(context);
+    device.WaitOn(receipt);
 
     return {
         .m_Skybox = skyboxHandle,

samples/03_model_render/ibl_helpers.h

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: ibl_helpers.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "aster/aster.h"
-#include "gpu_resource_manager.h"
+#include "aster/core/image.h"
+#include "aster/core/image_view.h"
+#include "aster/systems/resource.h"
 
 struct Pipeline;
 struct Texture;
@@ -15,14 +17,10 @@ struct AssetLoader;
 
 struct Environment
 {
-    TextureHandle m_Skybox;
-    TextureHandle m_Diffuse;
-    TextureHandle m_Prefilter;
-    TextureHandle m_BrdfLut;
-
-    void Destroy(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager);
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_Skybox;
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_Diffuse;
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_Prefilter;
+    systems::ResId<TextureView> m_BrdfLut;
 };
 
-Environment
-CreateCubeFromHdrEnv(AssetLoader *assetLoader, vk::Queue computeQueue, u32 cubeSide, TextureHandle hdrEnv,
-                                   cstr name = nullptr);
+Environment CreateCubeFromHdrEnv(AssetLoader &assetLoader, u32 cubeSide, systems::ResId<TextureView> hdrEnv);

samples/03_model_render/light_manager.cpp

@@ -1,35 +1,16 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: light_manager.cpp
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #include "light_manager.h"
 
 #include "aster/core/buffer.h"
+#include "aster/systems/commit_manager.h"
+#include "aster/systems/rendering_device.h"
+#include "aster/systems/resource.h"
 #include "glm/ext/matrix_transform.hpp"
 
-struct Light
-{
-    union {
-        vec3 um_Position;
-        vec3 um_Direction;
-    };
-    f32 m_Range;  // < 0.0 for invalid
-    u32 m_Color_; // LSB is used for flags. (R G B Flags)
-    f32 m_Intensity;
-
-    constexpr static u32 MAX_GEN = 0x40;
-    constexpr static u32 GEN_MASK = MAX_GEN - 1;
-
-    constexpr static u32 TYPE_MASK = 0xC0;
-    constexpr static u32 TYPE_INVALID = 0x0;
-    constexpr static u32 TYPE_DIRECTIONAL = 1 << 6;
-    constexpr static u32 TYPE_POINT = 2 << 6;
-    constexpr static u32 TYPE_SPOT = 3 << 6; // Currently Unused
-
-    constexpr static u32 COLOR_MASK = ~(GEN_MASK | TYPE_MASK);
-};
-
 // Static Checks
 
 // Ensure layouts are exact.
@@ -53,29 +34,29 @@ static_assert((Light::TYPE_MASK & Light::TYPE_SPOT) == Light::TYPE_SPOT);
 static_assert(Light::COLOR_MASK == 0xFFFFFF00);
 
 inline u32
-ToColor32(const vec4 &col)
+ToColor32(vec4 const &col)
 {
-    const u32 r = Cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.r, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
-    const u32 g = Cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.g, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
-    const u32 b = Cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.b, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
-    const u32 a = Cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.a, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
+    u32 const r = static_cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.r, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
+    u32 const g = static_cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.g, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
+    u32 const b = static_cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.b, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
+    u32 const a = static_cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.a, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
 
     return r << 24 | g << 16 | b << 8 | a;
 }
 
 inline u32
-ToColor32(const vec3 &col)
+ToColor32(vec3 const &col)
 {
-    const u32 r = Cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.r, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
-    const u32 g = Cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.g, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
-    const u32 b = Cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.b, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
+    u32 const r = static_cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.r, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
+    u32 const g = static_cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.g, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
+    u32 const b = static_cast<u32>(eastl::min(col.b, 1.0f) * 255.99f);
     constexpr u32 a = 255;
 
     return r << 24 | g << 16 | b << 8 | a;
 }
 
-LightManager::LightManager(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager)
-    : m_ResourceManager{resourceManager}
+LightManager::LightManager(systems::RenderingDevice &device)
+    : m_Device{&device}
     , m_DirectionalLightCount{}
     , m_PointLightCount{}
     , m_MetaInfo{}
@@ -83,41 +64,10 @@ LightManager::LightManager(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager)
 {
 }
 
-LightManager::~LightManager()
-{
-    m_ResourceManager->Release(m_MetaInfo.m_LightBuffer);
-}
-
-LightManager::LightManager(LightManager &&other) noexcept
-    : m_ResourceManager(other.m_ResourceManager)
-    , m_Lights(std::move(other.m_Lights))
-    , m_DirectionalLightCount(other.m_DirectionalLightCount)
-    , m_PointLightCount(other.m_PointLightCount)
-    , m_MetaInfo(other.m_MetaInfo)
-    , m_GpuBufferCapacity_(other.m_GpuBufferCapacity_)
-{
-    other.m_MetaInfo.m_LightBuffer = {};
-}
-
-LightManager &
-LightManager::operator=(LightManager &&other) noexcept
-{
-    if (this == &other)
-        return *this;
-    m_ResourceManager = other.m_ResourceManager;
-    m_Lights = std::move(other.m_Lights);
-    m_DirectionalLightCount = other.m_DirectionalLightCount;
-    m_PointLightCount = other.m_PointLightCount;
-    m_MetaInfo = other.m_MetaInfo;
-    other.m_MetaInfo.m_LightBuffer = {};
-    m_GpuBufferCapacity_ = other.m_GpuBufferCapacity_;
-    return *this;
-}
-
 LightHandle
-LightManager::AddDirectional(const vec3 &direction, const vec3 &color, f32 intensity)
+LightManager::AddDirectional(vec3 const &direction, vec3 const &color, f32 intensity)
 {
-    const vec3 normDirection = normalize(direction);
+    vec3 const normDirection = normalize(direction);
     if (m_DirectionalLightCount < m_MetaInfo.m_DirectionalLightMaxCount)
     {
         u16 index = 0;
@@ -125,7 +75,7 @@ LightManager::AddDirectional(const vec3 &direction, const vec3 &color, f32 inten
         {
             if (light.m_Range < 0)
             {
-                const u8 gen = light.m_Color_ & Light::GEN_MASK;
+                u8 const gen = light.m_Color_ & Light::GEN_MASK;
 
                 light.m_Color_ = (ToColor32(color) & Light::COLOR_MASK) | Light::TYPE_DIRECTIONAL | gen;
                 light.m_Range = 1.0f;
@@ -145,8 +95,8 @@ LightManager::AddDirectional(const vec3 &direction, const vec3 &color, f32 inten
     if (m_DirectionalLightCount == m_MetaInfo.m_DirectionalLightMaxCount &&
         m_MetaInfo.m_DirectionalLightMaxCount == m_MetaInfo.m_PointLightOffset)
     {
-        const u16 oldPointLightOffset = m_MetaInfo.m_PointLightOffset;
-        const u32 pointLightMaxCount = m_MetaInfo.m_PointLightMaxCount;
+        u16 const oldPointLightOffset = m_MetaInfo.m_PointLightOffset;
+        u32 const pointLightMaxCount = m_MetaInfo.m_PointLightMaxCount;
         // Might cause a capacity increase, but I want to use that for my gpu buffer resize.
         m_Lights.push_back();
         m_Lights.push_back();
@@ -172,7 +122,7 @@ LightManager::AddDirectional(const vec3 &direction, const vec3 &color, f32 inten
     m_Lights[m_DirectionalLightCount].m_Range = 1.0f;
     m_Lights[m_DirectionalLightCount].um_Direction = normDirection;
     m_Lights[m_DirectionalLightCount].m_Intensity = intensity;
-    const u16 index = m_DirectionalLightCount;
+    u16 const index = m_DirectionalLightCount;
 
     ++m_DirectionalLightCount;
     ++m_MetaInfo.m_DirectionalLightMaxCount;
@@ -181,7 +131,7 @@ LightManager::AddDirectional(const vec3 &direction, const vec3 &color, f32 inten
 }
 
 LightHandle
-LightManager::AddPoint(const vec3 &position, const vec3 &color, const f32 radius, f32 intensity)
+LightManager::AddPoint(vec3 const &position, vec3 const &color, f32 const radius, f32 intensity)
 {
     assert(m_PointLightCount <= m_MetaInfo.m_PointLightMaxCount);
     assert(radius >= 0.0f);
@@ -192,7 +142,7 @@ LightManager::AddPoint(const vec3 &position, const vec3 &color, const f32 radius
         {
             if (light->m_Range < 0)
             {
-                const u8 gen = light->m_Color_ & Light::GEN_MASK;
+                u8 const gen = light->m_Color_ & Light::GEN_MASK;
 
                 light->m_Color_ = (ToColor32(color) & Light::COLOR_MASK) | Light::TYPE_POINT | gen;
                 light->m_Range = radius;
@@ -201,7 +151,7 @@ LightManager::AddPoint(const vec3 &position, const vec3 &color, const f32 radius
 
                 m_GpuBufferCapacity_ |= UPDATE_REQUIRED_BIT;
 
-                return {Light::TYPE_POINT, gen, Cast<u16>(index)};
+                return {Light::TYPE_POINT, gen, static_cast<u16>(index)};
             }
             ++light;
         }
@@ -210,7 +160,7 @@ LightManager::AddPoint(const vec3 &position, const vec3 &color, const f32 radius
     }
 
     m_Lights.push_back();
-    const u16 index = m_PointLightCount;
+    u16 const index = m_PointLightCount;
 
     Light *light = &m_Lights[index + m_MetaInfo.m_PointLightOffset];
     constexpr u8 gen = 0; // New light
@@ -231,31 +181,29 @@ LightManager::AddPoint(const vec3 &position, const vec3 &color, const f32 radius
 void
 LightManager::Update()
 {
-    const u16 requiredBufferCapacity = eastl::min(Cast<u16>(m_Lights.capacity()), MAX_LIGHTS);
+    u16 const requiredBufferCapacity = eastl::min(static_cast<u16>(m_Lights.capacity()), MAX_LIGHTS);
     if ((m_GpuBufferCapacity_ & CAPACITY_MASK) < requiredBufferCapacity)
     {
-        StorageBuffer newBuffer;
-        newBuffer.Init(m_ResourceManager->m_Device, requiredBufferCapacity * sizeof m_Lights[0], true, "Light Buffer");
+        m_LightBuffer = m_Device->CreateStorageBuffer(requiredBufferCapacity * sizeof m_Lights[0], "Light Buffer");
         m_GpuBufferCapacity_ = requiredBufferCapacity | UPDATE_REQUIRED_BIT;
 
-        m_ResourceManager->Release(m_MetaInfo.m_LightBuffer);
-        m_MetaInfo.m_LightBuffer = m_ResourceManager->Commit(&newBuffer);
+        m_MetaInfo.m_LightBuffer = m_LightBuffer->GetDeviceAddress();
     }
     if (m_GpuBufferCapacity_ & UPDATE_REQUIRED_BIT)
     {
-        m_ResourceManager->Write(m_MetaInfo.m_LightBuffer, 0, m_Lights.size() * sizeof m_Lights[0], m_Lights.data());
+        m_LightBuffer->Write(0, m_Lights.size() * sizeof m_Lights[0], m_Lights.data());
     }
 }
 
 void
-LightManager::RemoveLight(const LightHandle handle)
+LightManager::RemoveLight(LightHandle const handle)
 {
-    const u8 handleGen = handle.m_Generation;
+    u8 const handleGen = handle.m_Generation;
 
     if (handle.m_Type == Light::TYPE_DIRECTIONAL)
     {
         Light *lightSlot = &m_Lights[handle.m_Index];
-        const u8 slotGen = lightSlot->m_Color_ & Light::GEN_MASK;
+        u8 const slotGen = lightSlot->m_Color_ & Light::GEN_MASK;
         if (slotGen > handleGen)
         {
             WARN("Invalid handle gen: {} being freed. (slot gen: {})", handleGen, slotGen);
@@ -270,7 +218,7 @@ LightManager::RemoveLight(const LightHandle handle)
     if (handle.m_Type == Light::TYPE_POINT)
     {
         Light *lightSlot = &m_Lights[handle.m_Index + m_MetaInfo.m_PointLightOffset];
-        const u8 slotGen = lightSlot->m_Color_ & Light::GEN_MASK;
+        u8 const slotGen = lightSlot->m_Color_ & Light::GEN_MASK;
         if (slotGen > handleGen)
         {
             WARN("Invalid handle gen: {} being freed. (slot gen: {})", handleGen, slotGen);

samples/03_model_render/light_manager.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =============================================
 //  Aster: light_manager.h
-//  Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Anish Bhobe
+//  Copyright (c) 2020-2025 Anish Bhobe
 // =============================================
 
 #pragma once
@@ -8,7 +8,21 @@
 #include "aster/aster.h"
 
 // TODO: Separate files so you only import handles.
-#include "gpu_resource_manager.h"
+#include "aster/core/buffer.h"
+#include "aster/systems/resource.h"
+
+#include <EASTL/vector.h>
+
+namespace systems
+{
+class RenderingDevice;
+}
+
+namespace systems
+{
+class ResourceManager;
+class CommitManager;
+} // namespace systems
 
 struct DirectionalLight
 {
@@ -33,26 +47,51 @@ struct LightHandle
     u16 m_Index;
 };
 
-struct Light;
+struct Light
+{
+    union {
+        vec3 um_Position;
+        vec3 um_Direction;
+    };
+
+    f32 m_Range;  // < 0.0 for invalid
+    u32 m_Color_; // LSB is used for flags. (R G B Flags)
+    f32 m_Intensity;
+    u32 m_Pad0;
+    u32 m_Pad1;
+
+    constexpr static u32 MAX_GEN = 0x40;
+    constexpr static u32 GEN_MASK = MAX_GEN - 1;
+
+    constexpr static u32 TYPE_MASK = 0xC0;
+    constexpr static u32 TYPE_INVALID = 0x0;
+    constexpr static u32 TYPE_DIRECTIONAL = 1 << 6;
+    constexpr static u32 TYPE_POINT = 2 << 6;
+    constexpr static u32 TYPE_SPOT = 3 << 6; // Currently Unused
+
+    constexpr static u32 COLOR_MASK = ~(GEN_MASK | TYPE_MASK);
+};
 
 struct LightManager
 {
     constexpr static u16 MAX_LIGHTS = MaxValue<u16>;
+
     struct LightMetaInfo
     {
         // The number of directional lights is relatively low (1 - 2) and will almost never change in a scene.
         // We can use that with Offset = 0, and point light at further offsets.
         // This way we don't need to move point lights often.
 
-        BufferHandle m_LightBuffer;     // 04   04
-        u16 m_PointLightMaxCount;       // 02   06
-        u16 m_PointLightOffset;         // 02   08
-        u16 m_DirectionalLightMaxCount; // 02   10
-        u16 m_UnusedPadding0 = 0;       // 02   12
+        uptr m_LightBuffer;                   // 08 08
+        u16 m_PointLightMaxCount;             // 02 10
+        u16 m_PointLightOffset;               // 02 12
+        u16 m_DirectionalLightMaxCount;       // 02 14
+        u16 m_UnusedPadding0 = 0;             // 02 16
     };
 
-    GpuResourceManager *m_ResourceManager;
+    systems::RenderingDevice *m_Device;
     eastl::vector<Light> m_Lights;
+    Ref<Buffer> m_LightBuffer;
 
     // We don't need a Directional Light free list. We will just brute force iterate.
     u16 m_DirectionalLightCount;
@@ -66,18 +105,18 @@ struct LightManager
     // Using lower bit. Capacity can be directly a multiple of 2
     // Thus, range is up to MaxValue<u16>
     constexpr static u16 UPDATE_REQUIRED_BIT = 1;
-    constexpr static u16 CAPACITY_MASK = Cast<u16>(~UPDATE_REQUIRED_BIT);
+    constexpr static u16 CAPACITY_MASK = static_cast<u16>(~UPDATE_REQUIRED_BIT);
 
     LightHandle AddDirectional(const vec3 &direction, const vec3 &color, f32 intensity);
     LightHandle AddPoint(const vec3 &position, const vec3 &color, f32 radius, f32 intensity);
     void Update();
     void RemoveLight(LightHandle handle);
 
-    explicit LightManager(GpuResourceManager *resourceManager);
-    ~LightManager();
+    ~LightManager() = default;
 
-    LightManager(LightManager &&other) noexcept;
-    LightManager &operator=(LightManager &&other) noexcept;
+    explicit LightManager(systems::RenderingDevice &device);
+    LightManager(LightManager &&other) noexcept = default;
+    LightManager &operator=(LightManager &&other) noexcept = default;
 
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LightManager);
 };