Using custom alloctor.

AppState.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#include "AppState.h"
+
+#include <SDL3/SDL_log.h>
+
+#include "GlobalMemory.h"
+#include "RenderDevice.h"
+#include "MiscData.h"
+
+bool AppState::isInit() const
+{
+	return window and renderDevice and renderDevice->isInit();
+}
+
+void AppState::cleanup()
+{
+	if (!isInit()) return;
+
+	renderDevice->waitIdle();
+
+	Take(miscData)->cleanup(*renderDevice);
+
+	Take(renderDevice)->cleanup();
+	SDL_DestroyWindow(Take(window));
+}
+
+AppState::AppState(SDL_Window* window, RenderDevice* renderDevice, MiscData* miscData): window{ window }
+	, renderDevice{ renderDevice }
+	, miscData{ miscData }
+{
+}
+
+AppState* CreateAppState(GlobalMemory* memory, uint32_t const width, uint32_t const height)
+{
+	SDL_Window* window = SDL_CreateWindow("Blaze Test", static_cast<int>(width), static_cast<int>(height), SDL_WINDOW_VULKAN);
+	if (!window)
+	{
+		SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION, "%s", SDL_GetError());
+		return nullptr;
+	}
+
+	auto state = memory->getState();
+	RenderDevice* renderDevice = CreateRenderDevice(memory, { .window = window });
+	if (!renderDevice->isInit())
+	{
+		SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION, "RenderDevice failed to init");
+		return nullptr;
+	}
+	(void)state;
+
+	auto* miscDataAllocation = memory->allocate(sizeof(MiscData));
+
+	MiscData* miscData = new (miscDataAllocation) MiscData{};
+	miscData->init(*renderDevice);
+
+	auto* allocation = memory->allocate(sizeof(AppState));
+	AppState* appState = new (allocation) AppState{ window, renderDevice, miscData };
+
+	return appState;
+}
+
+AppState::~AppState()
+{
+	cleanup();
+}

AppState.h

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+
+struct GlobalMemory;
+struct SDL_Window;
+struct RenderDevice;
+struct MiscData;
+
+struct AppState
+{
+	SDL_Window* window;
+	RenderDevice* renderDevice;
+	MiscData* miscData;
+
+	[[nodiscard]] bool isInit() const;
+	void cleanup();
+
+	AppState(SDL_Window* window, RenderDevice* renderDevice, MiscData* miscData);
+
+	AppState(AppState const& other) = delete;
+	AppState(AppState&& other) noexcept = delete;
+
+	AppState& operator=(AppState const& other) = delete;
+	AppState& operator=(AppState&& other) noexcept = delete;
+
+	~AppState();
+};
+
+AppState* CreateAppState(GlobalMemory* memory, uint32_t const width, uint32_t const height);

Blaze.cpp

@@ -15,96 +15,50 @@
 #include <SDL3/SDL_filesystem.h>
 #include <SDL3/SDL_vulkan.h>
 
+#include "AppState.h"
 #include "Frame.h"
+#include "GlobalMemory.h"
 #include "MacroUtils.h"
 #include "MathUtil.h"
 #include "RenderDevice.h"
+#include "MiscData.h"
 
 constexpr uint32_t WIDTH = 1280;
 constexpr uint32_t HEIGHT = 720;
 constexpr uint32_t NUM_FRAMES = 3;
 
-struct MiscData
+using Byte = uint8_t;
+
+constexpr size_t operator ""_KiB(size_t const value)
 {
-	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
+	return value * 1024;
-	VkPipeline trianglePipeline;
-
-	VkImageMemoryBarrier2 acquireToRenderBarrier;
-	VkDependencyInfo acquireToRenderDependency;
-	VkImageMemoryBarrier2 renderToPresentBarrier;
-	VkDependencyInfo renderToPresentDependency;
-
-	void init(RenderDevice const& renderDevice);
-	void cleanup(RenderDevice const& renderDevice);
-};
-
-struct AppState
-{
-	SDL_Window* window;
-	std::unique_ptr<RenderDevice> renderDevice;
-	MiscData miscData;
-
-	[[nodiscard]] bool isInit() const;
-	void cleanup();
-
-	AppState();
-
-	AppState(AppState const& other) = delete;
-	AppState(AppState&& other) noexcept = delete;
-
-	AppState& operator=(AppState const& other) = delete;
-	AppState& operator=(AppState&& other) noexcept = delete;
-
-	~AppState();
-};
-
-static_assert(sizeof(AppState) < 1024);
-
-bool AppState::isInit() const
-{
-	return window and renderDevice and renderDevice->isInit();
 }
 
-void AppState::cleanup()
+constexpr size_t operator ""_MiB(size_t const value)
 {
-	if (!isInit()) return;
+	return value * 1024_KiB;
-
-	renderDevice->waitIdle();
-
-	miscData.cleanup(*renderDevice);
-	renderDevice->cleanup();
-	SDL_DestroyWindow(window);
 }
 
-AppState::AppState()
+constexpr size_t operator ""_GiB(size_t const value)
 {
-	window = SDL_CreateWindow("Blaze Test", WIDTH, HEIGHT, SDL_WINDOW_VULKAN);
+	return value * 1024_MiB;
-	if (!window)
-	{
-		SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION, "%s", SDL_GetError());
-		abort();
 }
 
-	renderDevice = std::make_unique<RenderDevice>(RenderDevice::CreateInfo{ .window = window });
+namespace Blaze::Global
-	if (!renderDevice->isInit())
 {
-		SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_APPLICATION, "RenderDevice failed to init");
+	GlobalMemory g_Memory;
-		abort();
-	}
-
-	miscData.init(*renderDevice);
-}
-
-AppState::~AppState()
-{
-	cleanup();
 }
 
 SDL_AppResult SDL_AppInit(void** pAppState, int, char**)
 {
 	SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO | SDL_INIT_EVENTS);
 
-	*pAppState = new AppState{};
+	Blaze::Global::g_Memory.init(128_MiB);
+
+	*pAppState = CreateAppState(&Blaze::Global::g_Memory, WIDTH, HEIGHT);
+	if (!*pAppState)
+		return SDL_APP_FAILURE;
+
 	AppState& appState = *static_cast<AppState*>(*pAppState);
 
 	if (!appState.isInit())
@@ -119,7 +73,7 @@ SDL_AppResult SDL_AppIterate(void* appstate)
 {
 	AppState& appState = *static_cast<AppState*>(appstate);
 	RenderDevice& renderDevice = *appState.renderDevice;
-	MiscData& misc = appState.miscData;
+	MiscData& misc = *appState.miscData;
 	Frame& currentFrame = renderDevice.frames[renderDevice.frameIndex];
 
 	VK_CHECK(vkWaitForFences(renderDevice.device, 1, &currentFrame.frameReadyToReuse, VK_TRUE, std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()));
@@ -251,288 +205,5 @@ void SDL_AppQuit(void* appstate, SDL_AppResult)
 
 	appState->cleanup();
 
-	// Not necessary, this memory will be winked out.
+	Blaze::Global::g_Memory.destroy();
-	delete appState;
-}
-
-void MiscData::init(RenderDevice const& renderDevice)
-{
-	VkDevice const device = renderDevice.device;
-	{
-		size_t dataSize;
-		void* rawData = SDL_LoadFile("Triangle.spv", &dataSize);
-		ASSERT(dataSize % 4 == 0);
-
-		if (not rawData)
-		{
-			SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_SYSTEM, "%s", SDL_GetError());
-			abort();
-		}
-
-		auto data = static_cast<uint32_t const*>(rawData);
-
-		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo const shaderModuleCreateInfo = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.codeSize = dataSize,
-			.pCode = data,
-		};
-
-		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
-		VK_CHECK(vkCreateShaderModule(device, &shaderModuleCreateInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule));
-
-		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo constexpr pipelineLayoutCreateInfo = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.setLayoutCount = 0,
-			.pSetLayouts = nullptr,
-			.pushConstantRangeCount = 0,
-			.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr,
-		};
-		VK_CHECK(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
-
-		std::array stages = {
-			VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo{
-				.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
-				.pNext = nullptr,
-				.flags = 0,
-				.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
-				.module = shaderModule,
-				.pName = "VertexMain",
-				.pSpecializationInfo = nullptr,
-			},
-			VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo{
-				.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
-				.pNext = nullptr,
-				.flags = 0,
-				.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
-				.module = shaderModule,
-				.pName = "FragmentMain",
-				.pSpecializationInfo = nullptr,
-			}
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo constexpr vertexInputState = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 0,
-			.pVertexBindingDescriptions = nullptr,
-			.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 0,
-			.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = nullptr,
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo constexpr inputAssembly = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST,
-			.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE,
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineTessellationStateCreateInfo constexpr tessellationState = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_TESSELLATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.patchControlPoints = 0,
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo constexpr viewportState = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.viewportCount = 1,
-			.pViewports = nullptr,
-			.scissorCount = 1,
-			.pScissors = nullptr,
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo constexpr rasterizationState = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.depthClampEnable = VK_TRUE,
-			.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL,
-			.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE,
-			.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE,
-			.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f,
-			.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f,
-			.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f,
-			.lineWidth = 1.0f,
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo constexpr multisampleState = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
-			.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.minSampleShading = 0.0f,
-			.pSampleMask = nullptr,
-			.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE,
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo constexpr depthStencilState = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.depthTestEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.depthWriteEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS,
-			.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.front = {},
-			.back = {},
-			.minDepthBounds = 0.0f,
-			.maxDepthBounds = 1.0f,
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState constexpr colorBlendAttachmentState = {
-			.blendEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA,
-			.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
-			.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
-			.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE,
-			.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
-			.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
-			.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT
-							| VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT
-							| VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT
-							| VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT,
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo const colorBlendState = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE,
-			.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY,
-			.attachmentCount = 1,
-			.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachmentState,
-			.blendConstants = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},
-		};
-
-		std::array constexpr dynamicStates = {
-			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
-			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo const dynamicStateCreateInfo = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = nullptr,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size()),
-			.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data()
-		};
-
-		VkPipelineRenderingCreateInfoKHR const renderingCreateInfo = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RENDERING_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
-			.colorAttachmentCount = 1,
-			.pColorAttachmentFormats = &renderDevice.swapchainFormat,
-		};
-
-		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo const graphicsPipelineCreateInfo = {
-			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO,
-			.pNext = &renderingCreateInfo,
-			.flags = 0,
-			.stageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(stages.size()),
-			.pStages = stages.data(),
-			.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputState,
-			.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly,
-			.pTessellationState = &tessellationState,
-			.pViewportState = &viewportState,
-			.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState,
-			.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState,
-			.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState,
-			.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState,
-			.pDynamicState = &dynamicStateCreateInfo,
-			.layout = pipelineLayout,
-			.renderPass = nullptr,
-			.subpass = 0,
-			.basePipelineHandle = nullptr,
-			.basePipelineIndex = 0,
-		};
-
-		VK_CHECK(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, nullptr, 1, &graphicsPipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &trianglePipeline));
-
-		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, shaderModule, nullptr);
-
-		SDL_free(rawData);
-	}
-
-	acquireToRenderBarrier = {
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
-		.pNext = nullptr,
-		.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-		.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-		.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-		.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-		.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
-		.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-		.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-		.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-		.subresourceRange = {
-			.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
-			.baseMipLevel = 0,
-			.levelCount = 1,
-			.baseArrayLayer = 0,
-			.layerCount = 1,
-		}
-	};
-	acquireToRenderDependency = {
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO,
-		.pNext = nullptr,
-		.dependencyFlags = 0,
-		.memoryBarrierCount = 0,
-		.pMemoryBarriers = nullptr,
-		.bufferMemoryBarrierCount = 0,
-		.pBufferMemoryBarriers = nullptr,
-		.imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
-		.pImageMemoryBarriers = &acquireToRenderBarrier,
-	};
-
-	renderToPresentBarrier = {
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
-		.pNext = nullptr,
-		.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-		.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-		.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT,
-		.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_NONE,
-		.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-		.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
-		.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-		.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-		.subresourceRange = {
-			.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
-			.baseMipLevel = 0,
-			.levelCount = 1,
-			.baseArrayLayer = 0,
-			.layerCount = 1,
-		}
-	};
-	renderToPresentDependency = {
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO,
-		.pNext = nullptr,
-		.dependencyFlags = 0,
-		.memoryBarrierCount = 0,
-		.pMemoryBarriers = nullptr,
-		.bufferMemoryBarrierCount = 0,
-		.pBufferMemoryBarriers = nullptr,
-		.imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
-		.pImageMemoryBarriers = &renderToPresentBarrier,
-	};
-
-}
-
-void MiscData::cleanup(RenderDevice const& renderDevice)
-{
-	VkDevice const device = renderDevice.device;
-
-	vkDestroyPipeline(device, trianglePipeline, nullptr);
-	vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
 }

Blaze.vcxproj

@@ -148,8 +148,11 @@
     </Link>
   </ItemDefinitionGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
+    <ClCompile Include="AppState.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="Blaze.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="Frame.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="GlobalMemory.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="MiscData.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="RenderDevice.cpp" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
@@ -176,10 +179,13 @@
     <None Include="vcpkg.json" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
+    <ClInclude Include="AppState.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Frame.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="GlobalMemory.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="MemoryUtils.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="MacroUtils.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="MathUtil.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="MiscData.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="RenderDevice.h" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />

Blaze.vcxproj.filters

@@ -27,6 +27,15 @@
     <ClCompile Include="RenderDevice.cpp">
       <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="AppState.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="MiscData.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="GlobalMemory.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <None Include="vcpkg.json">
@@ -66,5 +75,14 @@
     <ClInclude Include="MemoryUtils.h">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="AppState.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="MiscData.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="GlobalMemory.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
   </ItemGroup>
 </Project>

Frame.cpp

@@ -10,15 +10,13 @@ bool Frame::isInit() const
 	return static_cast<bool>(commandPool);
 }
 
-Frame::Frame(RenderDevice const& renderDevice)
+Frame::Frame(VkDevice const device, uint32_t const directQueueFamilyIndex)
 {
-	VkDevice const device = renderDevice.device;
-
 	VkCommandPoolCreateInfo const commandPoolCreateInfo = {
 		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO,
 		.pNext = nullptr,
 		.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_TRANSIENT_BIT,
-		.queueFamilyIndex = renderDevice.directQueueFamilyIndex,
+		.queueFamilyIndex = directQueueFamilyIndex,
 	};
 	VK_CHECK(vkCreateCommandPool(device, &commandPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &commandPool));
 

Frame.h

@@ -15,11 +15,10 @@ struct Frame
 
 	[[nodiscard]] bool isInit() const;
 
-	explicit Frame(RenderDevice const& renderDevice);
+	Frame(VkDevice device, uint32_t directQueueFamilyIndex);
 
 	void cleanup(RenderDevice const& renderDevice);
 
 	~Frame();
 };
 
-

GlobalMemory.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#include "GlobalMemory.h"
+
+#include <SDL3/SDL_log.h>
+
+void GlobalMemory::init(size_t const size)
+{
+	memory = new Byte[size];
+	capacity = size;
+	available = size;
+}
+
+void GlobalMemory::destroy()
+{
+	Byte const* originalMemory = memory - (capacity - available);
+	delete[] originalMemory;
+	memory = nullptr;
+	available = 0;
+	capacity = 0;
+}
+
+Byte* GlobalMemory::allocate(size_t const size)
+{
+	assert(size <= available && "No enough space available");
+
+	Byte* retVal = memory;
+	memory += size;
+	available -= size;
+	SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_SYSTEM, "ALLOC: %p -> %p (%llu) (avail: %llu)", reinterpret_cast<void*>(retVal), reinterpret_cast<void*>(memory), size, available);
+
+	return retVal;
+}
+
+Byte* GlobalMemory::allocate(size_t const size, size_t const alignment)
+{
+	uintptr_t const addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(memory);
+	uintptr_t const foundOffset = addr % alignment;
+
+	if (foundOffset == 0)
+	{
+		return allocate(size);
+	}
+
+	uintptr_t const offset = alignment - foundOffset;
+	size_t const allocationSize = size + offset;
+
+	return offset + allocate(allocationSize);
+}
+
+GlobalMemory::State GlobalMemory::getState() const
+{
+	SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_SYSTEM, "TEMP: %p %llu", reinterpret_cast<void*>(memory), available);
+	return {
+		.memory = memory,
+		.available = available,
+	};
+}
+
+void GlobalMemory::restoreState(State const& state)
+{
+	assert(memory >= state.memory);								//< Behind top of allocator
+	assert(memory - (capacity - available) <= state.memory);	//< Ahead of start of allocator
+	SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_SYSTEM, "RESTORE: %p %llu", reinterpret_cast<void*>(memory), available);
+	memory = state.memory;
+	available = state.available;
+}

GlobalMemory.h

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "MacroUtils.h"
+
+using Byte = uint8_t;
+
+struct GlobalMemory
+{
+	struct State
+	{
+		Byte* memory;
+		size_t available;
+	};
+
+	Byte* memory;
+	size_t available;
+	size_t capacity;
+
+	void init(size_t const size);
+
+	void destroy();
+
+	Byte* allocate(size_t const size);
+
+	Byte* allocate(size_t const size, size_t const alignment);
+
+	// Do not do any permanent allocations after calling this.
+	[[nodiscard]] State getState() const;
+
+	// Call this before permanent allocations.
+	void restoreState(State const& state);
+};

MiscData.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+#include "MiscData.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <SDL3/SDL_log.h>
+
+#include "MacroUtils.h"
+#include "RenderDevice.h"
+
+
+void MiscData::init(RenderDevice const& renderDevice)
+{
+	VkDevice const device = renderDevice.device;
+	{
+		size_t dataSize;
+		void* rawData = SDL_LoadFile("Triangle.spv", &dataSize);
+		ASSERT(dataSize % 4 == 0);
+
+		if (not rawData)
+		{
+			SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_SYSTEM, "%s", SDL_GetError());
+			abort();
+		}
+
+		auto data = static_cast<uint32_t const*>(rawData);
+
+		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo const shaderModuleCreateInfo = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.codeSize = dataSize,
+			.pCode = data,
+		};
+
+		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
+		VK_CHECK(vkCreateShaderModule(device, &shaderModuleCreateInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule));
+
+		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo constexpr pipelineLayoutCreateInfo = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.setLayoutCount = 0,
+			.pSetLayouts = nullptr,
+			.pushConstantRangeCount = 0,
+			.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr,
+		};
+		VK_CHECK(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
+
+		std::array stages = {
+			VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo{
+				.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+				.pNext = nullptr,
+				.flags = 0,
+				.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
+				.module = shaderModule,
+				.pName = "VertexMain",
+				.pSpecializationInfo = nullptr,
+			},
+			VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo{
+				.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+				.pNext = nullptr,
+				.flags = 0,
+				.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
+				.module = shaderModule,
+				.pName = "FragmentMain",
+				.pSpecializationInfo = nullptr,
+			}
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo constexpr vertexInputState = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 0,
+			.pVertexBindingDescriptions = nullptr,
+			.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 0,
+			.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = nullptr,
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo constexpr inputAssembly = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST,
+			.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE,
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineTessellationStateCreateInfo constexpr tessellationState = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_TESSELLATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.patchControlPoints = 0,
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo constexpr viewportState = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.viewportCount = 1,
+			.pViewports = nullptr,
+			.scissorCount = 1,
+			.pScissors = nullptr,
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo constexpr rasterizationState = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.depthClampEnable = VK_TRUE,
+			.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL,
+			.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE,
+			.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE,
+			.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f,
+			.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f,
+			.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f,
+			.lineWidth = 1.0f,
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo constexpr multisampleState = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+			.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.minSampleShading = 0.0f,
+			.pSampleMask = nullptr,
+			.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE,
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo constexpr depthStencilState = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.depthTestEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.depthWriteEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS,
+			.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.front = {},
+			.back = {},
+			.minDepthBounds = 0.0f,
+			.maxDepthBounds = 1.0f,
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState constexpr colorBlendAttachmentState = {
+			.blendEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA,
+			.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
+			.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
+			.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE,
+			.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
+			.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
+			.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT
+							| VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT
+							| VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT
+							| VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT,
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo const colorBlendState = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE,
+			.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY,
+			.attachmentCount = 1,
+			.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachmentState,
+			.blendConstants = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},
+		};
+
+		std::array constexpr dynamicStates = {
+			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
+			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo const dynamicStateCreateInfo = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = nullptr,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size()),
+			.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data()
+		};
+
+		VkPipelineRenderingCreateInfoKHR const renderingCreateInfo = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RENDERING_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+			.colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+			.pColorAttachmentFormats = &renderDevice.swapchainFormat,
+		};
+
+		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo const graphicsPipelineCreateInfo = {
+			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO,
+			.pNext = &renderingCreateInfo,
+			.flags = 0,
+			.stageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(stages.size()),
+			.pStages = stages.data(),
+			.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputState,
+			.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly,
+			.pTessellationState = &tessellationState,
+			.pViewportState = &viewportState,
+			.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState,
+			.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState,
+			.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState,
+			.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState,
+			.pDynamicState = &dynamicStateCreateInfo,
+			.layout = pipelineLayout,
+			.renderPass = nullptr,
+			.subpass = 0,
+			.basePipelineHandle = nullptr,
+			.basePipelineIndex = 0,
+		};
+
+		VK_CHECK(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, nullptr, 1, &graphicsPipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &trianglePipeline));
+
+		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, shaderModule, nullptr);
+
+		SDL_free(rawData);
+	}
+
+	acquireToRenderBarrier = {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
+		.pNext = nullptr,
+		.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+		.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+		.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+		.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+		.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+		.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+		.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+		.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+		.subresourceRange = {
+			.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+			.baseMipLevel = 0,
+			.levelCount = 1,
+			.baseArrayLayer = 0,
+			.layerCount = 1,
+		}
+	};
+	acquireToRenderDependency = {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO,
+		.pNext = nullptr,
+		.dependencyFlags = 0,
+		.memoryBarrierCount = 0,
+		.pMemoryBarriers = nullptr,
+		.bufferMemoryBarrierCount = 0,
+		.pBufferMemoryBarriers = nullptr,
+		.imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
+		.pImageMemoryBarriers = &acquireToRenderBarrier,
+	};
+
+	renderToPresentBarrier = {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
+		.pNext = nullptr,
+		.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+		.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+		.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT,
+		.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_NONE,
+		.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+		.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
+		.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+		.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+		.subresourceRange = {
+			.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+			.baseMipLevel = 0,
+			.levelCount = 1,
+			.baseArrayLayer = 0,
+			.layerCount = 1,
+		}
+	};
+	renderToPresentDependency = {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO,
+		.pNext = nullptr,
+		.dependencyFlags = 0,
+		.memoryBarrierCount = 0,
+		.pMemoryBarriers = nullptr,
+		.bufferMemoryBarrierCount = 0,
+		.pBufferMemoryBarriers = nullptr,
+		.imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
+		.pImageMemoryBarriers = &renderToPresentBarrier,
+	};
+
+}
+
+void MiscData::cleanup(RenderDevice const& renderDevice)
+{
+	VkDevice const device = renderDevice.device;
+
+	vkDestroyPipeline(device, trianglePipeline, nullptr);
+	vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
+}

MiscData.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <volk.h>
+
+struct RenderDevice;
+
+struct MiscData
+{
+	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
+	VkPipeline trianglePipeline;
+
+	VkImageMemoryBarrier2 acquireToRenderBarrier;
+	VkDependencyInfo acquireToRenderDependency;
+	VkImageMemoryBarrier2 renderToPresentBarrier;
+	VkDependencyInfo renderToPresentDependency;
+
+	void init(RenderDevice const& renderDevice);
+	void cleanup(RenderDevice const& renderDevice);
+};

RenderDevice.cpp

@@ -5,16 +5,25 @@
 #include <SDL3/SDL_log.h>
 
 #include <array>
+#include <span>
 
 #include "Frame.h"
+#include "GlobalMemory.h"
 #include "MathUtil.h"
 
-RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
+RenderDevice::~RenderDevice()
+{
+	ASSERT(!isInit());
+}
+
+// TODO: Failure Handling
+RenderDevice* CreateRenderDevice(GlobalMemory* mem, RenderDevice::CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 {
 	ASSERT(createInfo.window);
 
 	volkInitialize();
 
+	VkInstance instance;
 	// Create Instance
 	{
 		VkApplicationInfo constexpr applicationInfo = {
@@ -45,28 +54,35 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 		volkLoadInstance(instance);
 	}
 
+	VkSurfaceKHR surface;
 	// Create Surface
 	ASSERT(SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface(createInfo.window, instance, nullptr, &surface));
 
+	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDeviceInUse = nullptr;
+	VkDevice device = nullptr;
+	uint32_t directQueueFamilyIndex = -1;
+	VkQueue directQueue = nullptr;
 	// Create Device and Queue
 	{
+		auto tempAllocStart = mem->getState();
+
 		uint32_t physicalDeviceCount;
 		VK_CHECK(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &physicalDeviceCount, nullptr));
-		SDL_Log("Found %u GPUs", physicalDeviceCount);
+		SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Found %u GPUs", physicalDeviceCount);
 
-		std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> physicalDevices(physicalDeviceCount);
+		VkPhysicalDevice* physicalDevices = reinterpret_cast<VkPhysicalDevice*>(mem->allocate(sizeof(VkPhysicalDevice) * physicalDeviceCount));
-		VK_CHECK(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &physicalDeviceCount, physicalDevices.data()));
+		VK_CHECK(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &physicalDeviceCount, physicalDevices));
 
-
+		for (VkPhysicalDevice const physicalDevice : std::span{ physicalDevices, physicalDeviceCount })
-		std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilyProperties;
-		for (VkPhysicalDevice const physicalDevice : physicalDevices)
 		{
+			auto tempAllocQueueProperties = mem->getState();
+
 			VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties;
 			vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &properties);
 
-			SDL_Log("GPU: %s", properties.deviceName);
+			SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "GPU: %s", properties.deviceName);
 
-			SDL_Log("- API Version %d.%d.%d",
+			SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "- API Version %d.%d.%d",
 				VK_API_VERSION_MAJOR(properties.apiVersion),
 				VK_API_VERSION_MINOR(properties.apiVersion),
 				VK_API_VERSION_PATCH(properties.apiVersion));
@@ -84,31 +100,34 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 
 			uint32_t queueFamilyCount;
 			vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);
-			queueFamilyProperties.resize(queueFamilyCount);
+			VkQueueFamilyProperties* queueFamilyProperties = reinterpret_cast<VkQueueFamilyProperties*>(mem->allocate(sizeof(VkQueueFamilyProperties) * queueFamilyCount));
-			vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilyProperties.data());
+			vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilyProperties);
 
-			for (uint32_t queueFamilyIndex = 0; VkQueueFamilyProperties const qfp : queueFamilyProperties)
+			for (uint32_t queueFamilyIndex = 0; queueFamilyIndex != queueFamilyCount;
+				++queueFamilyIndex)
 			{
+				VkQueueFamilyProperties const& qfp = queueFamilyProperties[queueFamilyIndex];
+
 				bool hasGraphicsSupport = false;
 				bool hasComputeSupport = false;
 				bool hasTransferSupport = false;
 				bool hasPresentSupport = false;
 
-				SDL_Log("- Queue [%d]", queueFamilyIndex);
+				SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "- Queue [%d]", queueFamilyIndex);
 				if (qfp.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT)
 				{
 					hasGraphicsSupport = true;
-					SDL_Log("-- Graphic");
+					SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "-- Graphic");
 				}
 				if (qfp.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT)
 				{
 					hasComputeSupport = true;
-					SDL_Log("-- Compute");
+					SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "-- Compute");
 				}
 				if (qfp.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT)
 				{
 					hasTransferSupport = true;
-					SDL_Log("-- Transfer");
+					SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "-- Transfer");
 				}
 
 				VkBool32 isSurfaceSupported;
@@ -117,7 +136,7 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 				if (isSurfaceSupported)
 				{
 					hasPresentSupport = true;
-					SDL_Log("-- Present");
+					SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "-- Present");
 				}
 
 				if (hasGraphicsSupport and hasComputeSupport and hasTransferSupport and hasPresentSupport)
@@ -127,8 +146,9 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 					break;
 				}
 
-				++queueFamilyIndex;
 			}
+
+			mem->restoreState(tempAllocQueueProperties);
 		}
 
 		ASSERT(physicalDeviceInUse);
@@ -174,21 +194,30 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 
 		VK_CHECK(vkCreateDevice(physicalDeviceInUse, &deviceCreateInfo, nullptr, &device));
 		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, directQueueFamilyIndex, 0, &directQueue);
+
+		mem->restoreState(tempAllocStart);
 	}
 
 	// Swapchain creation
-	swapchainExtent = { createInfo.width, createInfo.height };
+	VkExtent2D swapchainExtent = { createInfo.width, createInfo.height };
+	VkFormat swapchainFormat = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+	VkSwapchainKHR swapchain;
+	VkImage* swapchainImages;
+	VkImageView* swapchainViews;
+	uint32_t swapchainImageCount;
 	{
+		auto tempAllocStart = mem->getState();
+
 		VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
 		VK_CHECK(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(physicalDeviceInUse, surface, &capabilities));
 
 		// Image Count Calculation
-		uint32_t swapchainImageCount = 3;
+		swapchainImageCount = 3;
 		if (capabilities.maxImageCount > 0)
 		{
 			swapchainImageCount = std::min(swapchainImageCount, capabilities.maxImageCount);
 		}
-		swapchainImageCount = std::max(swapchainImageCount, capabilities.minImageCount);
+		swapchainImageCount = std::max(swapchainImageCount, capabilities.minImageCount + 1);
 
 		// Image Size calculation
 		{
@@ -200,18 +229,18 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 
 		uint32_t surfaceFormatCount;
 		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physicalDeviceInUse, surface, &surfaceFormatCount, nullptr);
-		std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> surfaceFormats(surfaceFormatCount);
+		VkSurfaceFormatKHR* surfaceFormats = reinterpret_cast<VkSurfaceFormatKHR*>(mem->allocate(sizeof(VkSurfaceFormatKHR*) * surfaceFormatCount));
-		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physicalDeviceInUse, surface, &surfaceFormatCount, surfaceFormats.data());
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physicalDeviceInUse, surface, &surfaceFormatCount, surfaceFormats);
 
 		VkSurfaceFormatKHR format = {
 			.format = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
 			.colorSpace = VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR,
 		};
-		for (auto& surfaceFormat : surfaceFormats)
+		for (auto& surfaceFormat : std::span{ surfaceFormats, surfaceFormatCount })
 		{
 			if (surfaceFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR)
 			{
-				SDL_Log("Color Space SRGB Found %d", surfaceFormat.format);
+				SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Color Space SRGB Found %d", surfaceFormat.format);
 				if (surfaceFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB) {
 					format = surfaceFormat;
 					break;
@@ -230,11 +259,11 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 
 		uint32_t presentModeCount;
 		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physicalDeviceInUse, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);
-		std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes(presentModeCount);
+		VkPresentModeKHR* presentModes = reinterpret_cast<VkPresentModeKHR*>(mem->allocate(sizeof(VkPresentModeKHR*) * presentModeCount));
-		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physicalDeviceInUse, surface, &presentModeCount, presentModes.data());
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(physicalDeviceInUse, surface, &presentModeCount, presentModes);
 
 		VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
-		for (VkPresentModeKHR presentModeIter : presentModes)
+		for (VkPresentModeKHR presentModeIter : std::span{ presentModes, presentModeCount })
 		{
 			if (presentModeIter == VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR)
 			{
@@ -248,6 +277,8 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 			}
 		}
 
+		mem->restoreState(tempAllocStart);
+
 		VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR const swapchainCreateInfo = {
 			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
 			.pNext = nullptr,
@@ -273,18 +304,16 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 
 		swapchainImageCount = 0;
 		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, nullptr);
-		SDL_Log("%llu", swapchainImages.size());
+		swapchainImages = reinterpret_cast<VkImage*>(mem->allocate(sizeof(VkImage) * swapchainImageCount));
-		swapchainImages.resize(swapchainImageCount);
+		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, swapchainImages);
-		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, swapchainImages.data());
-
-		swapchainViews.reserve(swapchainImageCount);
-		for (auto& image : swapchainImages) {
 
+		swapchainViews = reinterpret_cast<VkImageView*>(mem->allocate(sizeof(VkImageView) * swapchainImageCount));
+		for (uint32_t i = 0; i != swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
 			VkImageViewCreateInfo const viewCreateInfo = {
 				.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
 				.pNext = nullptr,
 				.flags = 0,
-				.image = image,
+				.image = swapchainImages[i],
 				.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
 				.format = format.format,
 				.components = {
@@ -302,26 +331,24 @@ RenderDevice::RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo)
 				}
 			};
 
-			VkImageView view;
+			VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &viewCreateInfo, nullptr, &swapchainViews[i]));
-			VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &viewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view));
-			swapchainViews.push_back(view);
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Init frames.
+
+	Frame* frames = reinterpret_cast<Frame*>(mem->allocate(sizeof(Frame) * swapchainImageCount));
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i != swapchainImageCount; ++i)
 	{
-		auto count = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapchainImages.size());
+		new (frames + i) Frame(device, directQueueFamilyIndex);
-		frames.reserve(count);
-		for (uint32_t i = 0; i != count; ++i)
-		{
-			frames.emplace_back(*this);
-		}
-	}
 	}
 
-RenderDevice::~RenderDevice()
+	Byte* allocation = mem->allocate(sizeof(RenderDevice), alignof(RenderDevice));
-{
+	return new (allocation) RenderDevice{
-	cleanup();
+		instance, surface, physicalDeviceInUse,
+		device, directQueue, directQueueFamilyIndex,
+		swapchainFormat, swapchainExtent, swapchain, swapchainImages, swapchainViews, frames, swapchainImageCount,
+	};
 }
 
 inline bool RenderDevice::isInit() const
@@ -334,18 +361,15 @@ void RenderDevice::cleanup()
 	if (not isInit())
 		return;
 
-	for (Frame& frame : frames)
+	for (Frame& frame : std::span{ frames, swapchainImageCount })
 	{
 		frame.cleanup(*this);
 	}
-	frames.clear();
 
-	for (auto const& view : swapchainViews)
+	for (auto const& view : std::span{ swapchainViews, swapchainImageCount })
 	{
 		vkDestroyImageView(device, view, nullptr);
 	}
-	swapchainViews.clear();
-	swapchainImages.clear();
 
 	vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, Take(swapchain), nullptr);
 
@@ -365,5 +389,25 @@ void RenderDevice::waitIdle() const
 
 uint32_t RenderDevice::getNumFrames() const
 {
-	return static_cast<uint32_t>(frames.size());
+	return swapchainImageCount;
+}
+
+RenderDevice::RenderDevice(VkInstance const instance, VkSurfaceKHR const surface, VkPhysicalDevice const physicalDeviceInUse,
+	VkDevice const device, VkQueue const directQueue, uint32_t const directQueueFamilyIndex, VkFormat const swapchainFormat,
+	VkExtent2D const swapchainExtent, VkSwapchainKHR const swapchain, VkImage* swapchainImages, VkImageView* swapchainViews,
+	Frame* frames, uint32_t const swapchainImageCount)
+	: instance{ instance }
+	, surface{ surface }
+	, physicalDeviceInUse{ physicalDeviceInUse }
+	, device{ device }
+	, directQueue{ directQueue }
+	, directQueueFamilyIndex{ directQueueFamilyIndex }
+	, swapchainFormat{ swapchainFormat }
+	, swapchainExtent{ swapchainExtent }
+	, swapchain{ swapchain }
+	, swapchainImages{ swapchainImages }
+	, swapchainViews{ swapchainViews }
+	, frames{ frames }
+	, swapchainImageCount{ swapchainImageCount }
+{
 }

RenderDevice.h

@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@
 
 #include <volk.h>
 
-#include <vector>
-
 #include <SDL3/SDL_video.h>
 #include <SDL3/SDL_vulkan.h>
 
+struct GlobalMemory;
 struct Frame;
 
 /// The Rendering backend abstraction
@@ -33,10 +32,10 @@ struct RenderDevice
 	VkFormat swapchainFormat;
 	VkExtent2D swapchainExtent;
 	VkSwapchainKHR swapchain;
-	std::vector<VkImage> swapchainImages;
+	VkImage* swapchainImages;
-	std::vector<VkImageView> swapchainViews;
+	VkImageView* swapchainViews;
-
+	Frame* frames;
-	std::vector<Frame> frames;
+	uint32_t swapchainImageCount;
 	uint32_t frameIndex = 0;
 
 	[[nodiscard]] bool isInit() const;
@@ -44,7 +43,24 @@ struct RenderDevice
 	void waitIdle() const;
 	[[nodiscard]] uint32_t getNumFrames() const;
 
-	explicit RenderDevice(CreateInfo const& createInfo);
+	RenderDevice(
+		VkInstance instance,
+		VkSurfaceKHR surface,
+		VkPhysicalDevice physicalDeviceInUse,
+		VkDevice device,
+		VkQueue directQueue,
+		uint32_t directQueueFamilyIndex,
+		// TODO: Pack?
+
+		VkFormat swapchainFormat,
+		VkExtent2D swapchainExtent,
+		VkSwapchainKHR swapchain,
+
+		VkImage* swapchainImages,
+		VkImageView* swapchainViews,
+		Frame* frames,
+		uint32_t swapchainImageCount
+	);
 
 	RenderDevice(RenderDevice const&) = delete;
 	RenderDevice& operator=(RenderDevice const&) = delete;
@@ -54,3 +70,5 @@ struct RenderDevice
 
 	~RenderDevice();
 };
+
+RenderDevice* CreateRenderDevice(GlobalMemory* mem, RenderDevice::CreateInfo const& createInfo);